{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T17:01:49Z","timestamp":1757610109067,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Paragonimiasis, a cause of pleuropulmonary disease, is a neglected etiology of pediatric pleural effusion. We retrospectively analyzed children with paragonimiasis-induced pleural effusion admitted to our center, aiming to summarize their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. A total of 103 children were included, with a mean age of 8.2 years, and 87.4% resided in rural areas. 81\/91 (89.0%) were initially misdiagnosed with other infectious diseases including community-acquired pneumonia (43.9%; 40\/91) and tuberculosis (16.5%; 15\/91). The predominant blood test findings included hypereosinophilia (98.1%), leukocytosis (95.1%), thrombocytosis (42.7%), hyperglobulinemia (78.6%), and elevated immunoglobulin G levels (85.4%; 76\/89). Multiple serous cavity effusions exhibited higher globulin levels (44.7 g\/L versus 36.7 g\/L) and lower albumin\u2013globulin ratios (0.8 versus 1.0) than single pleural effusions, and loculation was more common in medium or large pleural effusions. After 3 days of praziquantel treatment at a dosage of 75\u201390 mg\/(kg\u00b7day), with a median of four courses, all of the children improved, but no patients were cured with a single course of therapy. Almost half of the patients (44\/99) continued to exhibit medium or small residual effusion on chest computed tomography scans. Additionally, various types of lung lesions remained, and the incidence of pleural lesions increased during the follow-up period. Unexplained pediatric pleural effusion with eosinophilia requires paragonimiasis evaluation. Early diagnosis and accurate treatment critically improve clinical prognosis, whereas post-paragonimiasis pulmonary injuries necessitate clinical attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T17:30:59Z","timestamp":1752600659000},"page":"645-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Pleuropulmonary Paragonimiasis with Pleural Effusion: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LanFang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart Healthcare Industry, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Central Hospital, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linyao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanxi Children\u2019s Hospital, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2021","key":"b1","article-title":"Foodborne Trematode Infections"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"106094","article-title":"Paragonimus and its hosts in China: An update","volume":"223","author":"Zhou","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-60121-7_6","article-title":"Paragonimiasis","volume":"1454","author":"Blair","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011073","article-title":"Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps","volume":"17","author":"Tidman","year":"2023"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_12","article-title":"Epidemiology of trematode infections: An update","volume":"1154","author":"Chai","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012366","article-title":"Infection and biogeographical characteristics of Paragonimus westermani and P. skrjabini in humans and animal hosts in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Math Biol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Human mobility and disease prevalence","volume":"87","author":"Lou","year":"2023"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol","first-page":"e00184","article-title":"Endemic Paragonimus kellicotti infections in animals and humans in USA and Canada: Review and personal perspective","volume":"30","author":"Dubey","year":"2023"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"8","article-title":"Exudative pleural effusion caused by lung fluke infection: A practical diagnostic 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