{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:17:18Z","timestamp":1767802638900,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa has stagnated despite widespread adoption of control measures such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Progress has stalled, in part, because of pyrethroid insecticide resistance, driving the need for retooling to increase the effectiveness of bed nets. Consequently, LLINs have been treated with the chemical synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Piperonyl butoxide LLINs have been shown to be efficacious in controlled settings; however, their effectiveness in real\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    world settings warrants investigation. In Bungoma County, Western Kenya, a cohort of 768 participants was followed from June 2017 to December 2023 via active and passive surveillance. Household visits were conducted monthly, during which LLIN use for nets distributed in 2017 and 2021 was recorded, and symptomatic malaria cases were identified using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The comparative effectiveness of PBO versus conventional LLINs was assessed in terms of malaria infections. A multilevel logistic regression model was fit with monthly RDT results as the dependent variable. The study results indicate that PBO LLINs provide greater protection against malaria at the individual level than conventional LLINs (odds ratio: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.47\u20131.03), although the findings were not statistically significant. The added protection against malaria infections provided by PBO LLINs compared with conventional LLINs observed in the current study aligns with findings from most previous studies, although this finding was not statistically significant. In areas with documented pyrethroid resistance, the use of LLINs with an added synergist, such as PBO, can provide additional protection against malaria infections (compared with pyrethroid\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    only LLINs) and should be considered for scaled-up scenarios despite the additional cost.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:33:37Z","timestamp":1763480017000},"page":"123-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do Piperonyl Butoxide Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets Provide Additional Protection Against Malaria Infections Compared with Conventional Nets in an Operational Setting in Western Kenya?"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Karla","family":"Rasc\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zena","family":"Lapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Markwalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmah","family":"Kimachas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Obala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care, Eldoret, Kenya;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy Prudhomme","family":"O\u2019Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith Nekesa","family":"Mangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Health Care, Eldoret, Kenya;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years Of Global Progress And Challenges.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2017.","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"310","article-title":"Mosquito-borne diseases emergence\/resurgence and how to effectively control it biologically","volume":"9","author":"Dahmana","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"374","article-title":"Stable malaria incidence despite scaling up control strategies in a malaria vaccine-testing site in Mali","volume":"13","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"384","article-title":"Another challenge in malaria elimination efforts: The increase of malaria among adults after the implementation of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) in Dielmo, Senegal","volume":"17","author":"Wotodjo","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2019.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Elife","first-page":"e16090","article-title":"The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy and effectiveness of bednets for malaria control in Africa","volume":"5","author":"Churcher","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"319","article-title":"The effect of permethrin\u2010impregnated bednets on a population of Anopheles farauti in coastal Papua New Guinea","volume":"1","author":"Charlwood","year":"1987"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia","volume":"3","author":"Lindsay","year":"1989"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"172","article-title":"Outdoor biting and pyrethroid resistance as potential drivers of persistent malaria transmission in Zanzibar","volume":"21","author":"Musiba","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"82","article-title":"Challenges for malaria elimination in Zanzibar: Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and poor performance of long-lasting insecticide nets","volume":"6","author":"Haji","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"799","article-title":"Escalating pyrethroid resistance in two major malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Atatam, Southern Ghana","volume":"22","author":"Mugenzi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"660","article-title":"Marked aggravation of pyrethroid resistance in major malaria vectors in Malawi between 2014 and 2021 is partly linked with increased expression of P450 alleles","volume":"22","author":"Menze","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"F1000Res","first-page":"200","article-title":"Current status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the Asian countries: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Susanna","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD012776","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Gleave","year":"2018"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"406","article-title":"Evidence supporting deployment of next generation insecticide treated nets in Burkina Faso: Bioassays with either chlorfenapyr or piperonyl butoxide increase mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae.","volume":"20","author":"Hien","year":"2021"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0289469","article-title":"Effectiveness of dual active ingredient insecticide-treated nets in preventing malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2023"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness against malaria of three types of dual-active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs in Tanzania: A four-arm, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"399","author":"Mosha","year":"2022"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0249440","article-title":"Expression of pyrethroid metabolizing P450 enzymes characterizes highly resistant Anopheles vector species targeted by successful deployment of PBO-treated bednets in Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"Matowo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"407","article-title":"Do bednets including piperonyl butoxide offer additional protection against populations of Anopheles gambiae sl. that are highly resistant to pyrethroids? An experimental hut evaluation in Burkina Fasov","volume":"32","author":"Toe","year":"2018"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD012776","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa","volume":"5","author":"Gleave","year":"2021"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): A pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national LLIN distribution campaign","volume":"395","author":"Staedke","year":"2020"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets with pyriproxyfen-pyrethroid, chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid, or piperonyl butoxide-pyrethroid versus pyrethroid only against malaria in Tanzania: Final-year results of a four-arm, single-blind, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"24","author":"Mosha","year":"2024"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"247","article-title":"Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): final results of a cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national distribution campaign","volume":"23","author":"Maiteki-Sebuguzi","year":"2023"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"WHO Guidelines for Malaria.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"979","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of PBO versus conventional long-lasting insecticidal bed nets in preventing symptomatic malaria in Nigeria: Results of a pragmatic randomized trial","volume":"104","author":"Shepard","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","article-title":"Bednet Coverage and History in Kenya.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b30","article-title":"Malaria is Still a Public Health Crisis in Kenya \u2013 Here\u2019s How Data Can Help.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0224718","article-title":"Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in highland and lowland sites of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures","volume":"15","author":"Machani","year":"2020"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Infectious Dis","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Mosquito exposure and malaria morbidity: A microlevel analysis of household mosquito populations and malaria in a population-based longitudinal cohort in Western Kenya","volume":"221","author":"O\u2019Meara","year":"2020"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Stat Soft","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"JOSS","first-page":"3139","article-title":"performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models","volume":"6","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Mlmhelpr: Multilevel\/Mixed Model Helper Functions.","author":"Louis Rocconi","year":"2018"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","first-page":"33","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Intensive Longitudinal Methods: An Introduction to Diary and Experience Sampling Research","author":"Bolger","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Methods Ecol Evol","first-page":"493","article-title":"SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2015"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Do untreated bednets protect against malaria?","volume":"95","author":"Clarke","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"773","article-title":"Effects of untreated bed nets on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea","volume":"84","author":"Burkot","year":"1990"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"150","article-title":"Personal protection with PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets after 2 years of household use against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles in Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"236","article-title":"Impact of PermaNet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in south-western Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Awolola","year":"2014"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Adv Entomol","first-page":"224","article-title":"The entomological efficacy of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with a pyrethroid in insecticide-treated nets for malaria prevention: A village-based cohort study prior to large-scale deployment of new generation mosquito nets in Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"Hien","year":"2024"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0000453","article-title":"Protective efficacy of holed and aging PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets on malaria infection prevalence in north-western Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Lukole","year":"2022"},{"key":"b45","article-title":"Effectiveness of Three-Year Old Piperonyl Butoxide and Pyrethroid-Treated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) versus Pyrethroid-Only Llins Against Malaria Infection: Results of a Cluster Randomised Trial in Tanzania.","author":"Protopopoff","year":"2022"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Malaria in school\u2010age children in Africa: An increasingly important challenge","volume":"19","author":"Nankabirwa","year":"2014"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0134061","article-title":"School-age children are a reservoir of malaria infection in Malawi","volume":"10","author":"Walldorf","year":"2015"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years Of Global Progress And Challenges.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2017.","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"310","article-title":"Mosquito-borne diseases emergence\/resurgence and how to effectively control it biologically","volume":"9","author":"Dahmana","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"374","article-title":"Stable malaria incidence despite scaling up control strategies in a malaria vaccine-testing site in Mali","volume":"13","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"384","article-title":"Another challenge in malaria elimination efforts: The increase of malaria among adults after the implementation of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) in Dielmo, Senegal","volume":"17","author":"Wotodjo","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2019.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Elife","first-page":"e16090","article-title":"The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy and effectiveness of bednets for malaria control in Africa","volume":"5","author":"Churcher","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"319","article-title":"The effect of permethrin\u2010impregnated bednets on a population of Anopheles farauti in coastal Papua New Guinea","volume":"1","author":"Charlwood","year":"1987"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia","volume":"3","author":"Lindsay","year":"1989"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"172","article-title":"Outdoor biting and pyrethroid resistance as potential drivers of persistent malaria transmission in Zanzibar","volume":"21","author":"Musiba","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"82","article-title":"Challenges for malaria elimination in Zanzibar: Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and poor performance of long-lasting insecticide nets","volume":"6","author":"Haji","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"799","article-title":"Escalating pyrethroid resistance in two major malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Atatam, Southern Ghana","volume":"22","author":"Mugenzi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"660","article-title":"Marked aggravation of pyrethroid resistance in major malaria vectors in Malawi between 2014 and 2021 is partly linked with increased expression of P450 alleles","volume":"22","author":"Menze","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"F1000Res","first-page":"200","article-title":"Current status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the Asian countries: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Susanna","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD012776","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Gleave","year":"2018"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"406","article-title":"Evidence supporting deployment of next generation insecticide treated nets in Burkina Faso: Bioassays with either chlorfenapyr or piperonyl butoxide increase mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae.","volume":"20","author":"Hien","year":"2021"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0289469","article-title":"Effectiveness of dual active ingredient insecticide-treated nets in preventing malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2023"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness against malaria of three types of dual-active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs in Tanzania: A four-arm, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"399","author":"Mosha","year":"2022"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0249440","article-title":"Expression of pyrethroid metabolizing P450 enzymes characterizes highly resistant Anopheles vector species targeted by successful deployment of PBO-treated bednets in Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"Matowo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"407","article-title":"Do bednets including piperonyl butoxide offer additional protection against populations of Anopheles gambiae sl. that are highly resistant to pyrethroids? An experimental hut evaluation in Burkina Fasov","volume":"32","author":"Toe","year":"2018"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD012776","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa","volume":"5","author":"Gleave","year":"2021"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): A pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national LLIN distribution campaign","volume":"395","author":"Staedke","year":"2020"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets with pyriproxyfen-pyrethroid, chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid, or piperonyl butoxide-pyrethroid versus pyrethroid only against malaria in Tanzania: Final-year results of a four-arm, single-blind, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"24","author":"Mosha","year":"2024"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"247","article-title":"Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): final results of a cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national distribution campaign","volume":"23","author":"Maiteki-Sebuguzi","year":"2023"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"WHO Guidelines for Malaria.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"979","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of PBO versus conventional long-lasting insecticidal bed nets in preventing symptomatic malaria in Nigeria: Results of a pragmatic randomized trial","volume":"104","author":"Shepard","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","article-title":"Bednet Coverage and History in Kenya.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b30","article-title":"Malaria is Still a Public Health Crisis in Kenya \u2013 Here\u2019s How Data Can Help.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0224718","article-title":"Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in highland and lowland sites of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures","volume":"15","author":"Machani","year":"2020"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Infectious Dis","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Mosquito exposure and malaria morbidity: A microlevel analysis of household mosquito populations and malaria in a population-based longitudinal cohort in Western Kenya","volume":"221","author":"O\u2019Meara","year":"2020"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Stat Soft","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"JOSS","first-page":"3139","article-title":"performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models","volume":"6","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Mlmhelpr: Multilevel\/Mixed Model Helper Functions.","author":"Louis Rocconi","year":"2018"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","first-page":"33","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Intensive Longitudinal Methods: An Introduction to Diary and Experience Sampling Research","author":"Bolger","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Methods Ecol Evol","first-page":"493","article-title":"SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2015"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Do untreated bednets protect against malaria?","volume":"95","author":"Clarke","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"773","article-title":"Effects of untreated bed nets on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea","volume":"84","author":"Burkot","year":"1990"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"150","article-title":"Personal protection with PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets after 2 years of household use against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles in Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"236","article-title":"Impact of PermaNet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in south-western Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Awolola","year":"2014"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Adv Entomol","first-page":"224","article-title":"The entomological efficacy of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with a pyrethroid in insecticide-treated nets for malaria prevention: A village-based cohort study prior to large-scale deployment of new generation mosquito nets in Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"Hien","year":"2024"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0000453","article-title":"Protective efficacy of holed and aging PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets on malaria infection prevalence in north-western Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Lukole","year":"2022"},{"key":"b45","article-title":"Effectiveness of Three-Year Old Piperonyl Butoxide and Pyrethroid-Treated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) versus Pyrethroid-Only Llins Against Malaria Infection: Results of a Cluster Randomised Trial in Tanzania.","author":"Protopopoff","year":"2022"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Malaria in school\u2010age children in Africa: An increasingly important challenge","volume":"19","author":"Nankabirwa","year":"2014"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0134061","article-title":"School-age children are a reservoir of malaria infection in 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