{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:11:40Z","timestamp":1783422700632,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of immature\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                    to temephos formulation, a primary antilarval intervention currently in operational use. The assessment was conducted against both the WHO-recommended discriminatory dosage with temephos (0.25 parts per million [ppm]) and the operational field dosage with temephos 50% emulsifiable concentrate (EC; 1 ppm). F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    generation immature\n                    <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                    from two areas of Chennai, India was used for the study. The larvae (F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from both areas were fully susceptible to the WHO discriminatory dosage. Larval susceptibility tests with temephos 50% EC observed 100% mortality in Thiruvanmiyur strains at 40 ppm (lethal concentration at which 99% of the exposed larvae were dead [LC\n                    <jats:sub>99<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]: 37.47\u201345.06 ppm). However, Adyar strains exhibited 98.7% mortality at 50 ppm (LC\n                    <jats:sub>99<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 59.79 ppm).\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae from both areas showed resistance to operational field dosage (1 ppm). Prolonged insecticide exposure precipitates resistance, highlighting the need for routine larvicide efficacy monitoring to support disease elimination efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T14:18:01Z","timestamp":1755613081000},"page":"1002-1005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emerging Resistance in Anopheles stephensi Larvae to the Larvicide Temephos in Chennai, India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Sangamithra","family":"Ravishankaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalu","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswin","family":"Asokan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson Amala Justin","family":"Nalapatty Anthonysamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manu Thomas","family":"Mathai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;"},{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Kamaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Public Health Dis","first-page":"16","article-title":"An overview of insecticide usage and 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