{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:41:10Z","timestamp":1770748870435,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Significant progress has been made in developing gene drives, especially for mosquito vectors of malaria. It is widely agreed that a critical next step in advancing this technology is to evaluate it through small-scale field trials. However, obtaining permission to move forward with these trials has stalled, threatening this potentially transformative line of research. In this paper, roadblocks delaying progress are identified from the perspective of a developer group tasked with translating this technology to the field. We suggest that groups engaged in long-running discussions about risk and the formulation of a global regulatory framework are hindering progress. This is because these groups conflate large-scale deployment with small-scale trials, which have very different risk landscapes. Here we argue that confined field trials are essential for accurately assessing risk and should be conducted soon, with regulation by authorities in the country in which they will be conducted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:03:29Z","timestamp":1755011009000},"page":"728-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is Gene Drive Research Losing Traction?"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Lanzaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Malaria Initiative, University of California Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Kormos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Malaria Initiative, University of California Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","first-page":"5","article-title":"Gene drives gaining speed","volume":"23","author":"Bier","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Guidelines for Risk Analysis for the Testing and Deployment of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Guidance Framework for Testing Genetically Modified Mosquitoes","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathway to deployment of gene drive mosquitoes as a potential biocontrol tool for elimination of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: Recommendations of a scientific working group","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2018"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pathog Glob Health","first-page":"162","article-title":"Considerations for the governance of gene drive organisms","volume":"112","author":"Rudenko","year":"2018"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2623","article-title":"A regulatory structure for working with genetically modified mosquitoes: Lessons from Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Ramsey","year":"2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Responsible Innov","first-page":"S13","article-title":"A roadmap for gene drives: Using institutional analysis and development to frame research needs and governance in a systems context","volume":"5","author":"Kuzma","year":"2018"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"152","article-title":"Recommendations for environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications for malaria vector control","volume":"21","author":"Connolly","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Trends Genet","first-page":"609","article-title":"Leveraging eco-evolutionary models for gene drive risk assessment","volume":"39","author":"Combs","year":"2023"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"BioRisk","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond limits \u2013 The pitfalls of global gene drives for environmental risk assessment in the European Union","volume":"15","author":"Dolezel","year":"2020"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Science","first-page":"589","article-title":"Precaution: Open gene drive research","volume":"355","author":"Esvelt","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"976","article-title":"Global governing bodies: A pathway for gene drive governance for vector mosquito control","volume":"103","author":"Kelsey","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Transgenic Res","first-page":"17","article-title":"Regulatory and policy considerations for the implementation of gene drive-modified mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission","volume":"32","author":"James","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol","first-page":"826727","article-title":"Ethical considerations for gene drive: Challenges of balancing inclusion, power and perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Kormos","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Health Secur","first-page":"26","article-title":"iGEM and gene drives: A case study for governance","volume":"20","author":"Millett","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Evol Appl","first-page":"2147","article-title":"Selection of sites for field trials of genetically engineered mosquitoes with gene drive","volume":"14","author":"Lanzaro","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Genetically Modified and Other Innovative Vector Control Technologies: Eco-Bio-Social Considerations for Safe Application","first-page":"21","author":"Marshall","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use","author":"Stuart","year":"1990"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Core commitments for field trials of gene drive organisms","volume":"370","author":"Long","year":"2020"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"PLoS Genet","first-page":"e1009278","article-title":"Designing gene drives to limit spillover to non-target populations","volume":"17","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2021"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Wilson","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/4\/article-p728.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/4\/article-p728.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/4\/article-p728.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T17:29:48Z","timestamp":1759339788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/4\/article-p728.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0242","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}