{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:55Z","timestamp":1787031175440,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infection with the soil-transmitted helminth\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is typically asymptomatic but can result in life-threatening hyperinfection syndrome in immunocompromised individuals. To improve serological tests for strongyloidiasis, we evaluated the Ss-IR antigen using a multiplex bead assay and compared this assay to the commonly used Ss-NIE antigen. We assessed assay sensitivity and specificity using the following serum panels: sera from United States\u2013bound refugees (57 positive stool polymerase chain reaction [PCR], 88 negative PCR) departing from Thailand-Burma border camps (panel 1); sera from individuals from Argentina with stool PCR confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (panel 2,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 50); and presumed negatives from the United States with no travel history (panel 3,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 185). The Ss-IR antigen demonstrated sensitivities of 90.0% and 89.5% and specificities of 98.9% and 89.8% in panels 1, and panels 2 and 3, respectively. When compared with Ss-NIE, the Ss-IR antigen demonstrated superior sensitivity, area under the curve, and reproducibility than Ss-NIE, supporting more extensive validation for surveillance use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:43:48Z","timestamp":1765305828000},"page":"275-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Strongyloides stercoralis Ss-IR Recombinant Antigen Using a Bead-Based Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Mauhaun","family":"Taheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synergy America, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarissa","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karana","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukwan","family":"Handali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitaliano A.","family":"Cama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilok","family":"Tongsukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Organization for Migration, Mae Sot, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Potsawin","family":"Sakulrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Organization for Migration, Mae Sot, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Oran, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Krolewiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Oran, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"f4610","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"347","author":"Greaves","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"468","article-title":"The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am","first-page":"135","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis: A neglected tropical disease","volume":"33","author":"Krolewiecki","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003694","article-title":"Development of Ss-NIE-1 recombinant antigen-based assays for immunodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis","volume":"9","author":"Rascoe","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"8134","article-title":"Immunization with the recombinant antigen Ss-IR induces protective immunity to infection with Strongyloides stercoralis in mice","volume":"29","author":"Abraham","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010126","article-title":"Strongy detect: Preliminary validation of a prototype recombinant Ss-NIE\/Ss-IR based ELISA to detect Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"16","author":"Sears","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","first-page":"615","article-title":"Effectiveness of Strongyloides recombinant IgG immunoreactive antigen in detecting IgG and IgG4 subclass antibodies for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis using rapid immunochromatographic tests","volume":"10","author":"Boonroumkaew","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"444","article-title":"A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"198","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2008"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"920","article-title":"Impact of enhanced health interventions for United States-bound refugees: Evaluating best practices in migration health","volume":"98","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"BMC Bioinformatics","first-page":"77","article-title":"pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves","volume":"12","author":"Robin","year":"2011"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"1624","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis using recombinant antigen-based serologies in a community-wide study in northern Argentina","volume":"17","author":"Krolewiecki","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"260","article-title":"Performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a multiplex bead assay for integrated serological surveillance of neglected tropical and other diseases","volume":"107","author":"Gwyn","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Measuring Cryptosporidium serologic responses by multiplex bead assay","volume":"2052","author":"Priest","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Methods","first-page":"317","article-title":"Multiplex bead array assays: Performance evaluation and comparison of sensitivity to ELISA","volume":"38","author":"Elshal","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Lancet Digit Health","first-page":"e853","article-title":"Interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve","volume":"4","author":"de Hond","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications","author":"Davison","year":"1997"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"f4610","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"347","author":"Greaves","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"468","article-title":"The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin North 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Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"1624","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis using recombinant antigen-based serologies in a community-wide study in northern Argentina","volume":"17","author":"Krolewiecki","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"260","article-title":"Performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a multiplex bead assay for integrated serological surveillance of neglected tropical and other diseases","volume":"107","author":"Gwyn","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Measuring Cryptosporidium serologic responses by multiplex bead assay","volume":"2052","author":"Priest","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Methods","first-page":"317","article-title":"Multiplex bead array assays: Performance evaluation and comparison of sensitivity to ELISA","volume":"38","author":"Elshal","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Lancet Digit Health","first-page":"e853","article-title":"Interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve","volume":"4","author":"de Hond","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications","author":"Davison","year":"1997"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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