{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:34:08Z","timestamp":1762353248388,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaria caused mass casualties among US military personnel during the Vietnam War, resulting in as many hospitalizations as combat wounds in 1965. Its military impact was magnified because nearly all the disease-related casualties came from front-line units, particularly the infantry, with rates exceeding 10 per 1,000 man-days of exposure. The imperfect chemoprophylaxis using chloroquine\u2013primaquine tablets developed during the Korean War proved inadequate. Adding daily dapsone was more effective but resulted in rare cases of agranulocytosis and at least eight deaths. After Vietnam, malaria in US military members, especially relapsing malaria due to\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    , caused thousands of infections in the United States, although indigenous transmission was rarely observed. Although severe malaria resulted in 78 known deaths in the US Army (and 46 in the US Marines), the real military issue was lost days due to illness, averaging more than 1 month per malaria case and at least 200,000 lost man-days per year. Malaria\u2019s potential to produce mass casualties in soldiers remains, especially during deployments to New Guinea or sub-Saharan Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T17:36:23Z","timestamp":1757612183000},"page":"954-956","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["US Malaria Casualties and Chemoprophylaxis during the Vietnam War"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"G. Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Australia;"},{"name":"University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Present and potential malaria problem","volume":"131","author":"Tigertt","year":"1966"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"General Medicine and Infectious Diseases","first-page":"313","author":"Ognibene","year":"1982"},{"year":"1973","series-title":"Medical Support of the US Army in Vietnam 1965\u20131970","author":"Neel","key":"b3"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"461","article-title":"The epidemic curve of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an nonimmune population: American troops in Vietnam, 1965 and 1966","volume":"86","author":"Nowosiwsky","year":"1967"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Introduced malaria at Fort Benning, Georgia, 1964\u20131965","volume":"16","author":"Luby","year":"1967"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"320","article-title":"History of malaria in the United States Naval Forces at war: World War I through the Vietnam conflict","volume":"16","author":"Beadle","year":"1993"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"168","article-title":"Apparent refractoriness to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and quinine in strains of Plasmodium falciparum from Vietnam","volume":"130","author":"Legters","year":"1965"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci","first-page":"425","article-title":"A short history of dapsone, or an alternative model of drug development","volume":"66","author":"Barr","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"67","article-title":"Role of US military research programs in the development of US Food and Drug Administration\u2013Approved antimalarial drugs","volume":"43","author":"Kitchen","year":"2006"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"617","article-title":"Army antimalarial drug development: An advanced development case study for tafenoquine","volume":"185","author":"Zottig","year":"2020"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"855","article-title":"Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese herbal garden","volume":"146","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"497","article-title":"Malaria chemoprophylaxis with 4, 4\u2032diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). 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