{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:56:15Z","timestamp":1789692975203,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    West Nile virus lineage 1 (WNVL1) has been the only lineage known to circulate within the United States; however, multiple other lineages have been identified around the world. West Nile virus lineage 3 (WNVL3) was previously only isolated from mosquitoes in Czechia, but no human cases had been observed. West Nile virus lineage 3 was identified alongside WNVL1 in 2023 in a severely ill Nebraska patient with no history of international travel. To determine the extent of WNVL3 transmission, 1,199 historical mosquito pools collected from the state of Nebraska from 2012 through 2024 totaling &gt;40,000\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. mosquitoes were tested. All pools tested negative for WNVL3 RNA. This study suggests that WNVL3 may circulate at very low levels or in alternative vector species in Nebraska.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T15:39:50Z","timestamp":1761233990000},"page":"1415-1418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retrospective West Nile Virus Lineage 3 Surveillance in Culex Mosquitoes: Nebraska, USA 2012\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Shawn","family":"Freed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"},{"name":"Association of Public Health Laboratories, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaylee S.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zach","family":"Pella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy","family":"Burkhalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"McCutchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Bartling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Jana","family":"Broadhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly R.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Iwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Hamik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Fauver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"173","article-title":"West Nile virus: A primer for the clinician","volume":"137","author":"Petersen","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"376230","article-title":"The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2090","article-title":"Evidence of lineage 1 and 3 West Nile Virus in person with neuroinvasive disease, Nebraska, USA, 2023","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"594","article-title":"West Nile fever in Czechland","volume":"5","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"1999"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Viral Immunol","first-page":"427","article-title":"West Nile virus investigations in South Moravia, Czechland","volume":"13","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2000"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"466","article-title":"Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance for arboviruses in an area endemic for West Nile (lineage Rabensburg) and \u0164ahy\u0148a viruses in Central Europe","volume":"47","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2010"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e39387","article-title":"Characterization of Rabensburg virus, a flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic group","volume":"7","author":"Aliota","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"293","article-title":"Replication of West Nile virus, Rabensburg lineage in mammalian cells is restricted by temperature","volume":"5","author":"Aliota","year":"2012"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"30","article-title":"Adaptation of Rabensburg virus (RBGV) to vertebrate hosts by experimental evolution","volume":"528","author":"Ngo","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4066","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"GigaScience","first-page":"giaa111","article-title":"IDseq\u2014An open source cloud-based pipeline and analysis service for metagenomic pathogen detection and monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Kalantar","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1415.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1415.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1415.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T13:33:10Z","timestamp":1764768790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1415.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0383","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}