{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:20:52Z","timestamp":1788355252841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging infectious disease causing neuroinvasive diseases, including meningitis and encephalitis. Although infection has been documented in birds in Bangladesh, WNV has not been detected in humans. Since 2007, the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research in Bangladesh has conducted hospital-based acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) surveillance to monitor Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is typically detected in 2% to 3%. Our study aimed to determine the presence of WNV, dengue virus (DENV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) among persons enrolled in AES surveillance who tested negative for JE. We identified 300 randomly selected JE-negative sera specimens collected from January through May 2022 and tested for WNV, DENV, and CHIKV for evidence of acute infection using ELISAs. We prepared a semistructured questionnaire and interviewed consenting individuals by telephone. Among 300 AES specimens, 7 (2.3%) tested IgM positive for WNV, indicative of acute\/recent infection. Of these, five (71%) were from males, and four (57%) were from children younger than 15 years old. Six (86%) were from rural areas. All WNV-positive cases reported fever, neck stiffness, and other symptoms consistent with encephalitis. Two (29%) of seven died during hospitalization. Additionally, 6 (2%) of 300 specimens tested positive for DENV, whereas none tested positive for CHIKV. Our study documented the first probable cases of WNV infection among humans in Bangladesh; DENV was also detected among cases. Expanding AES surveillance to include detection of WNV and other arboviruses is essential for monitoring emerging threats and guiding public health responses in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:24:34Z","timestamp":1783009474000},"page":"597-602","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arbovirus Circulation among Patients with Acute Encephalitis: West Nile Virus Infection among Humans in Bangladesh, 2022"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Syeda Tasnuva","family":"Maria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Epidemiology Training Programme, Bangladesh Advanced, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallick Masum","family":"Billah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAFETYNET, Nepal and Field Epidemiology Training Program, Lalitpur, Nepal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quazi Ahmed","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Epidemiology Training Program (Intermediate), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Averhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Diagnostics and Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Cloherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Diagnostics and Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmina","family":"Shirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"777","article-title":"Global magnitude of encephalitis burden and its evolving pattern over the past 30 years","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Crit Care","first-page":"355","article-title":"Encephalitis and myelitis in tropical countries: Report from the Task Force on Tropical Diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"42","author":"Silva","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1174","key":"b3","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","first-page":"815","article-title":"Encephalitis: Diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides","volume":"99","author":"Alam","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Natl Inst Neurosci Bangladesh","first-page":"95","article-title":"Viral encephalitis: Bangladesh perspective","volume":"5","author":"Islam","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","article-title":"Surveillance of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) with Focus on Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Field Guide Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Directorate General of Health Services Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.","year":"2026"},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"947","article-title":"West Nile virus infection, Assam, India","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"164","article-title":"Serological evidence of West Nile virus in wild birds in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis","first-page":"32","article-title":"Increasing dengue burden and severe dengue risk in Bangladesh: An overview","volume":"8","author":"Kayesh","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"8258","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to mosquito-borne diseases in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Mobin","year":"2022"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"West Nile Detect\u2122 IgM Capture ELISA for in\u00a0Vitro Diagnostic Use.","year":"2026"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Procedures for the Handling and Processing of Blood Specimens; Approved Guideline.","author":"Wiseman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"10","key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004119","article-title":"Utilization of an eilat virus-based chimera for serological detection of chikungunya infection","volume":"9","author":"Erasmus","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"e53","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of West Nile virus associated with multifocal retinitis in patients from southern India","volume":"16","author":"Shukla","year":"2012"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"15","article-title":"Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infections in domestic birds in Cambodia","volume":"7","author":"Auerswald","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"225","article-title":"West Nile virus in India: An update on its genetic lineages","volume":"60","author":"Rajaiah","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Preliminary Maps & Data for 2021. 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