{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:08:55Z","timestamp":1780362535502,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Yellow fever virus is an endemic mosquito-borne flavivirus that continues to cause outbreaks in human populations in Senegal despite the availability of a vaccine. Entomological surveillance was implemented in southeastern Senegal for the early detection of sylvatic amplifications, which usually trigger human cases. Mosquito vectors were collected monthly using Prokopack aspirators and double-net traps. Mosquitoes were pooled and tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay targeting antigens of common arboviruses circulating in the area, and then positive samples were subjected to whole genome sequencing using Illumina iSeq system. We identified a recently emerged yellow fever virus strain persisting within a sylvatic cycle and linked to human cases. Genomic analyses revealed genetic stability, underscoring endemicity and ongoing spillover risks. These findings emphasize the need for continuous surveillance and vaccination to prevent outbreaks in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:28:15Z","timestamp":1765895295000},"page":"536-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endemicity of a Yellow Fever Virus Strain Revealed by Entomological Surveillance in Southeastern Senegal"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Alioune","family":"Gaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Henriette Dior","family":"Ndione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hadji","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Dieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Gaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge Freddy Moukaha","family":"Doukanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safietou","family":"Sankhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa Mo\u00efse","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"482","article-title":"The whole iceberg: Estimating the incidence of yellow fever virus infection from the number of severe cases","volume":"108","author":"Johansson","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Concurrent amplification of Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus in a sylvatic focus of arboviruses in Southeastern Senegal, 2015","volume":"20","author":"Diallo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Minimizing Disruptions to Immunization Services in the Context of COVID-19 in Senegal: Lessons Learnt and Policy Options.","author":"Diop","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"47","article-title":"Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal","volume":"15","author":"Sow","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Yellow fever outbreak in eastern Senegal, 2020\u20132021","volume":"13","author":"Diagne","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Kedougou."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"196","article-title":"Changes in the transmission dynamic of Chikungunya virus in Southeastern Senegal","volume":"12","author":"Sow","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1649","article-title":"Landscape ecology of sylvatic chikungunya virus and mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal","volume":"6","author":"Diallo","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","article-title":"Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. Culicine Adults and Pupae.","author":"Edwards","year":"1941"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Cah ORSTOM S\u00e9r Ent M\u00e9d Parasitol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Aedes (Diceromyia) furcifer (Edwards, 1913) et Aedes (Diceromyia) taylori Edwards, 1936: le point sur la diff\u00e9renciation des adultes","volume":"22","author":"Ferrara","year":"1984"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Mosq Syst","first-page":"138","article-title":"A pictorial key for the identification of the mosquitoes associated with yellow fever in Africa","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"1981"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Mosquitoes of Southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae","author":"Jupp","year":"1996"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Bull Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pathol Exot","first-page":"267","article-title":"Les anoph\u00e8les du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: Liste comment\u00e9e et illustr\u00e9e","volume":"87","author":"Diagne","year":"1994"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Cl\u00e9s Dichotomiques Illustr\u00e9es D\u2019identification Des Femelles Et Des Larves De Moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae) du Burkina Faso, Cap-Vert, Gambie, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal Et Tchad.","author":"Robert","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Comput Biol","first-page":"455","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"8","article-title":"An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar","volume":"20","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"268","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"FigTree.","author":"Rambault","year":"2017"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Res Virol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Continuous cell lines and immune ascitic fluid pools in arbovirus detection","volume":"143","author":"Digoutte","year":"1992"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"13","article-title":"Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs: What do we know after the first decade of research","volume":"159","author":"Slonchak","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"88","article-title":"Impact of climate and mosquito vector abundance on sylvatic arbovirus circulation dynamics in Senegal","volume":"92","author":"Althouse","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"BMC Infect Des","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Challenging the notion of Aedes aegypti as the primary chikungunya virus vector: Insights from K\u00e9dougou, Southeastern Senegal","volume":"25","author":"Gaye","year":"2025"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"482","article-title":"The whole iceberg: Estimating the incidence of yellow fever virus infection from the number of severe cases","volume":"108","author":"Johansson","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Concurrent amplification of Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus in a sylvatic focus of arboviruses in Southeastern Senegal, 2015","volume":"20","author":"Diallo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Minimizing Disruptions to Immunization Services in the Context of COVID-19 in Senegal: Lessons Learnt and Policy Options.","author":"Diop","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"47","article-title":"Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal","volume":"15","author":"Sow","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Yellow fever outbreak in eastern Senegal, 2020\u20132021","volume":"13","author":"Diagne","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Kedougou."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"196","article-title":"Changes in the transmission dynamic of Chikungunya virus in Southeastern Senegal","volume":"12","author":"Sow","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1649","article-title":"Landscape ecology of sylvatic chikungunya virus and mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal","volume":"6","author":"Diallo","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","article-title":"Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. 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