{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1791517562363,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dengue virus (DENV) is widely distributed across Africa but underreported due to limited surveillance and diagnostic capacity. Under an acute febrile illness surveillance protocol, we collected and screened 374 samples from patients with fever in Mogadishu, Somalia. Samples were screened for DENV serotypes using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. We identified 55 samples containing orthoflavivirus RNA (14.7%). Of these 55 samples, three dengue serotypes, DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 24), DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 21), and DENV serotype 3 (DENV-3,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12), were identified. Two cases of coinfections were detected: 1) between DENV-1 and DENV-2 and 2) between DENV-2 and DENV-3. DENV-1 had two genetic clusters, both related to lineages from Asia. DENV-2 grouped within a set of sequences from Asia and Africa, particularly close to a DENV-2 outbreak in Kenya. The DENV-3 grouped with isolates from Oceania Asia, clustering with a case of dengue fever identified in Italy in 2023 and Ethiopia in 2023. Our findings suggest concurrent infections of the three serotypes with DENV-3 being more widely spread in East Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:02:12Z","timestamp":1772557332000},"page":"951-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of Multiple Dengue Virus Serotypes Circulating in Somalia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Titus","family":"Tugume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Erima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham A.","family":"Matulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kibuuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose K.","family":"Musinguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Peoples\u2019 Defence Forces, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Asea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Peoples\u2019 Defence Forces, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kiyengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Peoples\u2019 Defence Forces, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edison","family":"Mworozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadish H.","family":"Yohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korey L.","family":"Delp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Wabwire-Mangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Egbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Garges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"von Fricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental & Global Health, One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Stefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis K.","family":"Byarugaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofae362","article-title":"The looming threat of dengue fever: The Africa context","volume":"11","author":"Mercy","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"IJID Reg","first-page":"100459","article-title":"Global landmark: 2023 marks the worst year for dengue cases with millions infected and thousands of deaths reported","volume":"13","author":"Haider","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e620","article-title":"Global upsurge in dengue in 2024","volume":"24","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"102975","article-title":"Dengue as a growing global health concern","volume":"77","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100337","article-title":"Tracing and tracking the emergence, epidemiology and dispersal of dengue virus to Africa during the 20th century","volume":"13","author":"Alfsnes","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Virus Evol","first-page":"veae116","article-title":"Geographic origin and evolution of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 3 circulating in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Nyathi","year":"2025"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"536","article-title":"Dengue virus infection and associated risk factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mwanyika","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health","first-page":"18","article-title":"The dengue situation in Africa","volume":"32","author":"Were","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e78030","article-title":"First evidence of simultaneous circulation of three different dengue virus serotypes in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Caron","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Dengue virus infection in Africa","volume":"17","author":"Amarasinghe","year":"2011"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"574","article-title":"Potential for dengue in South Africa: Mosquito ecology with particular reference to Aedes aegypti.","volume":"7","author":"Kemp","year":"1991"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"259","article-title":"Comparative role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in Central Africa","volume":"10","author":"Paupy","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"66","article-title":"Population health trends and disease profile in Somalia 1990-2019, and projection to 2030: Will the country achieve sustainable development goals 2 and 3?","volume":"23","author":"Morrison","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1061","article-title":"The threat of infectious diseases in Somalia","volume":"328","author":"Heppner","year":"1993"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"299","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiologic analysis of dengue virus isolates from Somalia","volume":"4","author":"Kanesa-Thasan","year":"1998"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"623","article-title":"Dengue and US military operations from the Spanish-American War through today","volume":"18","author":"Gibbons","year":"2012"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"IJID","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dengue fever outbreak in Mogadishu, Somalia 2011: Co-circulation of three dengue virus serotypes","volume":"21","author":"Bosa","year":"2014"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"735","article-title":"Retrospective study on the dengue fever outbreak in Puntland State, Somalia","volume":"24","author":"Jama","year":"2024"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"182","article-title":"Detection of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 in selected regions of Kenya: 2011\u20132014","volume":"13","author":"Konongoi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Serological evidence of dengue fever among refugees, Hargeysa, Somalia","volume":"29","author":"Botros","year":"1989"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2311","article-title":"Analytical and clinical performance of the CDC real time RT-PCR assay for detection and typing of dengue virus","volume":"7","author":"Santiago","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"516","article-title":"Genomic characterization of circulating dengue virus, Ethiopia, 2022\u20132023","volume":"31","author":"Abera","year":"2025"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2638","article-title":"High dengue burden and circulation of 4 virus serotypes among children with undifferentiated fever, Kenya, 2014\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"Shah","year":"2020"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"299","article-title":"Epidemiology of dengue: Past, present and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"233","article-title":"Uncovering the burden of dengue in Africa: Considerations on magnitude, misdiagnosis, and ancestry","volume":"14","author":"Gainor","year":"2022"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofae362","article-title":"The looming threat of dengue fever: The Africa context","volume":"11","author":"Mercy","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"IJID Reg","first-page":"100459","article-title":"Global landmark: 2023 marks the worst year for dengue cases with millions infected and thousands of deaths reported","volume":"13","author":"Haider","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e620","article-title":"Global upsurge in dengue in 2024","volume":"24","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"102975","article-title":"Dengue as a growing global health concern","volume":"77","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100337","article-title":"Tracing and tracking the emergence, epidemiology and dispersal of dengue virus to Africa during the 20th century","volume":"13","author":"Alfsnes","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Virus Evol","first-page":"veae116","article-title":"Geographic origin and evolution of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 3 circulating in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Nyathi","year":"2025"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"536","article-title":"Dengue virus infection and associated risk factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mwanyika","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health","first-page":"18","article-title":"The dengue situation in Africa","volume":"32","author":"Were","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e78030","article-title":"First evidence of simultaneous circulation of three different dengue virus serotypes in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Caron","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Dengue virus infection in Africa","volume":"17","author":"Amarasinghe","year":"2011"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"574","article-title":"Potential for dengue in South Africa: Mosquito ecology with particular reference to Aedes aegypti.","volume":"7","author":"Kemp","year":"1991"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"259","article-title":"Comparative role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in Central Africa","volume":"10","author":"Paupy","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"66","article-title":"Population health trends and disease profile in Somalia 1990-2019, and projection to 2030: Will the country achieve sustainable development goals 2 and 3?","volume":"23","author":"Morrison","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1061","article-title":"The threat of infectious diseases in Somalia","volume":"328","author":"Heppner","year":"1993"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"299","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiologic analysis of dengue virus isolates from 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of dengue fever among refugees, Hargeysa, Somalia","volume":"29","author":"Botros","year":"1989"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2311","article-title":"Analytical and clinical performance of the CDC real time RT-PCR assay for detection and typing of dengue virus","volume":"7","author":"Santiago","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"516","article-title":"Genomic characterization of circulating dengue virus, Ethiopia, 2022\u20132023","volume":"31","author":"Abera","year":"2025"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2638","article-title":"High dengue burden and circulation of 4 virus serotypes among children with undifferentiated fever, Kenya, 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