{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:54:27Z","timestamp":1780048467499,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Globally, acute respiratory infections (ARI), including pneumonia, remain the leading infectious causes of morbidity and mortality among children under-two years of age. We conducted this longitudinal birth cohort study in a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to estimate the incidence of ARI and pneumonia and assess their viral etiology. From May 2015 to March 2016, 447 children were enrolled and followed till 2022. In this analysis, we included data from the first two years of children\u2019s lives, which contributed to a total observation of 778 child-years. Nasopharyngeal wash samples were collected during symptomatic episodes, which were tested using rRT-PCR for rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), and adenovirus. We calculated incidence rates using Poisson-based methods with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and stratified age-specific rates into three groups: 0 to &lt;6 months, 6 to &lt;12 months, and 12 to 24 months. A total of 2,335 ARIs and 314 pneumonia episodes were documented. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 71% of ARI and 75% of pneumonia episodes. RV was the most frequently detected virus (54% in ARI, 40% in pneumonia), followed by RSV, HPIV, and influenza. The incidence of viral ARI was 212\/100 child-years (95% CI: 202\u2013223), and that of viral pneumonia was 30\/100 child-years (95% CI: 27\u201335). The observed incidence of viral ARI and pneumonia during early childhood underscores the need for targeted interventions. Future research should examine environmental and socioeconomic influences, assess preventive strategies, and improve early detection and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:57:21Z","timestamp":1764874641000},"page":"237-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence and Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections and Pneumonia among Children Under Two Years: A Birth Cohort Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Ashrak Shad","family":"Pyash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homayra Rahman","family":"Shoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Abdullah Al Jubayer","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Collaborative Biostatistics Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Zakiul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","first-page":"93","article-title":"Acute respiratory infection and its associated factors among children under-five years attending pediatrics ward at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Institution-based cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Dagne","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 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Boukari","year":"2012"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"164","article-title":"Respiratory virus surveillance in infants across different clinical settings","volume":"234","author":"Haddadin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Infect Dis Ther","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens among children hospitalized for pneumonia in Xiamen: A retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2021"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska","volume":"82","author":"Singleton","year":"2010"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e32056","article-title":"Incidence of respiratory virus-associated pneumonia in urban poor young children of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009\u20132011","volume":"7","author":"Homaira","year":"2012"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis 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