{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:17:17Z","timestamp":1767802637832,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objective of this study was to compare coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza among US active-component service members (ACSMs) stationed at military installations near the US\u2013Mexico border (Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas). A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess diagnoses of influenza (2020\u20132024) and COVID-19 (2020\u20132023). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing influenza and COVID-19 at border and non-border locations were calculated for laboratory-confirmed and\/or symptom-based encounter diagnoses. Forty-five percent of ACSMs included in the influenza (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 650,505) and COVID-19 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 660,333) analyses were near the border. There was no statistically significant increase of either COVID-19 or influenza incidence among ACSMs stationed near the border compared with those located elsewhere in the same states. A statistically significantly reduced adjusted IRR (aIRR) of laboratory-confirmed influenza (aIRR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89\u20130.98) and COVID-19 (aIRR: 0.97; 95%: CI: 0.96\u20130.99) was observed among ACSMs stationed near the border compared with those located elsewhere in the same states for all states combined for the entire study period. Similarly, significantly lower aIRRs were observed for all diagnoses (laboratory-confirmed or symptoms-based encounter) of influenza (aIRR: 0.81; 95% CI:0.80\u20130.82) among ACSMs near the border compared with ACSMs not near the border for all states combined for the entire duration of the study. However, incidence rates of COVID-19 and influenza varied across some specific states and time periods. By assessing the potential health threats of cross-border transmission, public health officials can more effectively deploy preventive and response measures among ACSMs living and working near the US\u2013Mexico border.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T17:44:37Z","timestamp":1762278277000},"page":"153-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 and Influenza Incidence among Active Component United States Military Service Members at Installations in US\u2013Mexico Border States (2020\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"M. Shayne","family":"Gallaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Agency-Falls Church, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dara A.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Agency-Falls Church, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland;"},{"name":"Cherokee Nation Strategic Programs, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa K.","family":"Hetrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Agency-Falls Church, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland;"},{"name":"Cherokee Nation Strategic Programs, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Agency-Falls Church, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland;"},{"name":"Cherokee Nation Strategic Programs, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelia A.","family":"Eick-Cost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Agency-Falls Church, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland;"},{"name":"Cherokee Nation Strategic Programs, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e1941","article-title":"Respiratory infections are more common than healthcare records indicate: Results from an anonymous survey","volume":"188","author":"Richard","year":"2023"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"743","article-title":"Respiratory infections in the U.S. military: Recent experience and control","volume":"28","author":"Sanchez","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"2","article-title":"Absolute and relative morbidity burdens attributable to various illnesses and injuries among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2023","volume":"31","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2417","article-title":"An outbreak of Covid-19 on an aircraft carrier","volume":"383","author":"Kasper","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"2","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic investigation of a COVID-19. Outbreak aboard a U.S. Navy ship","volume":"29","author":"Legendre","year":"2022"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Binational Border Infectious Disease Surveillance Program.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"NHRC Border Biosurveillance.","author":"Mimica-Porras","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Investig Med","first-page":"211","article-title":"COVID-19-related mortality in Texas border counties vs. non-border counties","volume":"72","author":"Obaid","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e114871","article-title":"Epidemiology of pathogen-specific respiratory infections among three US populations","volume":"9","author":"Radin","year":"2014"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Pentagon Sending Stryker Brigade, More Troops to US-Mexico Border.","author":"Baldor","year":"2025"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"1900","article-title":"The Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Department of Defense serum repository: Glimpses of the future of public health surveillance","volume":"92","author":"Rubertone","year":"2002"},{"key":"b12","article-title":"Field Officers: Powers and Duties. 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Implications of COVID-19 on Texas border counties when compared to interior counties","volume":"39","author":"Gonzalez-Gorman","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","article-title":"South American Immigrants in the United States","author":"Montalvo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"1614","article-title":"Burden of disease attributed to acute respiratory infections in South America","volume":"16","author":"Gonzalez Mosegui","year":"2022"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Prev Med","first-page":"57","article-title":"Seasonal influenza vaccination among Mexican migrants traveling through the Mexico-US border region","volume":"71","author":"Ejebe","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","article-title":"DoD Support to U.S. Border Security.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"Border Security CBP\u2019s Response to COVID-19.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"3","article-title":"The central role of the global emerging infections surveillance program in supporting force health protection","volume":"30","author":"Early","year":"2024"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"400","article-title":"Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children\u2013Southern California, March-April 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses","first-page":"155","article-title":"Influenza and respiratory disease surveillance: The US military\u2019s global laboratory\u2010based network","volume":"4","author":"Sueker","year":"2010"},{"key":"b31","article-title":"H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 Virus).","year":"2019"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"223","article-title":"Disappearance and re-emergence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic: Association with infection control measures","volume":"15","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023"},{"key":"b33","article-title":"COVID-19 DoD Has Focused on Strategy and Oversight to Protect Military Servicemember Health.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"15","article-title":"Surveillance snapshot influenza immunization among U.S. Armed Forces Health Care Workers, August 2018\u2013April 2023","volume":"30","year":"2023"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.","year":"2015"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e1941","article-title":"Respiratory infections are more common than healthcare records indicate: Results from an anonymous survey","volume":"188","author":"Richard","year":"2023"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"743","article-title":"Respiratory infections in the U.S. military: Recent experience and control","volume":"28","author":"Sanchez","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"2","article-title":"Absolute and relative morbidity burdens attributable to various illnesses and injuries among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2023","volume":"31","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2417","article-title":"An outbreak of Covid-19 on an aircraft carrier","volume":"383","author":"Kasper","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"2","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic investigation of a COVID-19. 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Implications of COVID-19 on Texas border counties when compared to interior counties","volume":"39","author":"Gonzalez-Gorman","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","article-title":"South American Immigrants in the United States","author":"Montalvo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"1614","article-title":"Burden of disease attributed to acute respiratory infections in South America","volume":"16","author":"Gonzalez Mosegui","year":"2022"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Prev Med","first-page":"57","article-title":"Seasonal influenza vaccination among Mexican migrants traveling through the Mexico-US border region","volume":"71","author":"Ejebe","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","article-title":"DoD Support to U.S. Border Security.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"Border Security CBP\u2019s Response to COVID-19.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"3","article-title":"The central role of the global emerging infections surveillance program in supporting force health protection","volume":"30","author":"Early","year":"2024"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"400","article-title":"Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children\u2013Southern California, March-April 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses","first-page":"155","article-title":"Influenza and respiratory disease surveillance: The US military\u2019s global laboratory\u2010based network","volume":"4","author":"Sueker","year":"2010"},{"key":"b31","article-title":"H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 Virus).","year":"2019"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"223","article-title":"Disappearance and re-emergence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic: Association with infection control measures","volume":"15","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023"},{"key":"b33","article-title":"COVID-19 DoD Has Focused on Strategy and Oversight to Protect Military Servicemember Health.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"15","article-title":"Surveillance snapshot influenza immunization among U.S. Armed Forces Health Care Workers, August 2018\u2013April 2023","volume":"30","year":"2023"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p153.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p153.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p153.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:53:21Z","timestamp":1767794001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p153.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0483","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}