{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:17:48Z","timestamp":1778084268799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a potentially fatal disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    and transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    sand flies, remains a public health issue in India, as evidenced by 385 cases reported in 2024. Despite low incidence, sporadic fluctuations necessitate vigilant vector control. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is the principal strategy for controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . After resistance to dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) became widespread, alpha-cypermethrin IRS replaced it in 2016 for VL control in India. Although prior studies have assessed sand fly susceptibility to insecticides at WHO-recommended discriminatory concentrations, the present study is the first to simultaneously evaluate the residual efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin 5% wettable powder on common household substrates across three VL-endemic Indian states. From 2023 to 2024, three Indian Council of Medical Research institutes in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh assessed the susceptibility of wild\n                    <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    to DDT (4.0%), malathion (5.0%), alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%, 0.1%), and deltamethrin (0.05%) using WHO tube tests. Residual efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin (25 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was tested on cement concrete, limewashed cement, mud, and wood.\n                    <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    were resistant to DDT but susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin. Residual efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin dropped below 80% 1-month post spray on cement and limewashed cement, and after 3 months on mud. Mortality remained 100% for 4 months on wood. These results support the use of one to two rounds of alpha-cypermethrin IRS to interrupt VL transmission in Indian villages, given wall substrate types and seasonal transmission patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:09:33Z","timestamp":1774552173000},"page":"889-898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insecticide Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes and Residual Action of Alpha-Cypermethrin in India: A Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaurav Raj","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013 Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013 Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brij Ranjan","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013 Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piyoosh K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen Kumar","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamaraju","family":"Raghavendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Thiruvengadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Baruah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajpal S.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanu","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2013Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Tropical Med Int Health","first-page":"639","article-title":"The poorest of the poor: A poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"14","author":"Boelaert","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"535","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance updates 2024: Consolidating gains and new initiatives","volume":"100","year":"2025"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-Azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015)","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Kala-Azar Elimination Programme: Report of a WHO Consultation of Partners, Geneva, Switzerland, 10\u201311 February 2015.","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int Health","first-page":"416","article-title":"Kala-azar elimination in India: Reflections on success and sustainability","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2025"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"National Kala-Azar Elimination Programme."},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Guidelines on Vector Control in Kala-Azar Elimination.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"8573","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"Coleman","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009101","article-title":"Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme","volume":"15","author":"Deb","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Tropical Med Int Health","first-page":"823","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"26","author":"Dinesh","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"106","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"5","author":"Dhiman","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"409","article-title":"Assessing the combined effects of household type and insecticide effectiveness for Kala-Azar vector control using indoor residual spraying: A case study from North Bihar, India","volume":"12","author":"Mandal","year":"2019"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Curr Sci","first-page":"103","article-title":"DDT-modulated behavioural profile in terms of longevity, fecundity fertility and fitness in subsequent generations of DDT-resistant Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"119","author":"Rama","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Accelerated Action Plan for Kala Azar Elimination, 2017.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Determining Discriminating Concentrations of Insecticides for Monitoring Resistance in Sand Flies: Report of a Multi-Centre Laboratory Study and WHO Expert Consultations.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"28","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia punjabaensis (Diptera:Psychodidae) to some insecticides in district Bikaner (Rajasthan)","volume":"28","author":"Bansal","year":"1996"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010304","article-title":"Susceptibility status of the wild-caught Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis, to different insecticides in Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"503","article-title":"Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay","volume":"17","author":"Chaubey","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","article-title":"Standard Operating Procedure for Testing the Susceptibility of Adult Sand Flies to Insecticides in WHO Tube Tests.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"49","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts Vaishaii and Patna (Bihar)","volume":"35","author":"Dhiman","year":"2003"},{"key":"b22","article-title":"Manual on Visceral Leishmaniasis Control.","year":"1996"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"450","article-title":"Morphological identification keys for adults of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Wijerathna","year":"2020"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Econ Entomol","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Evaluating single treatment data using Abbott\u2019s formula with reference to insecticides","volume":"78","author":"Fleming","year":"1985"},{"key":"b25","article-title":"Indoor Residual Spraying: An Operational Manual for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) for Malaria Transmission Control and Elimination, Second Edition.","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","article-title":"Operational Manual on Indoor Residual Spraying: Control of Vectors of Malaria, Aedes-Borne Diseases, Chagas Disease, Leishmaniases and Lymphatic Filariasis.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b27","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","article-title":"RUBI 50WP."},{"key":"b29","article-title":"WHOPES: Evaluation of Alpha-Cypermethrin WG-SB.","year":"2014"},{"key":"b30","article-title":"Indoor Residual Spraying.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","article-title":"Compression Sprayer Instructions","year":"2024"},{"key":"b32","article-title":"IRS Training Manual: The Application of Insecticides, Correct Use and Care of Equipment Used, and Staff Training.","author":"Farrel","year":"2017"},{"key":"b33","article-title":"Guidelines for Testing Mosquito Adulticides for Indoor Residual Spraying and Treatment of Mosquito Nets.","year":"2006"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Effect of indoor residual spraying on sandfly abundance and incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in India, 2016\u201322: An interrupted time-series analysis and modelling study","volume":"24","author":"Coffeng","year":"2024"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"447","article-title":"A new strategy for elimination of kala-azar from rural Bihar","volume":"126","author":"Thakur","year":"2007"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"54","article-title":"Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: Cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Trop Parasitol","first-page":"10","article-title":"The lost hope of elimination of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) by 2010 and cyclic occurrence of its outbreak in India, blame falls on vector control practices or co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus or therapeutic modalities?","volume":"4","author":"Muniaraj","year":"2014"},{"key":"b38","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in some kala-azar-endemic districts of Bihar, India.","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1992"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"793","article-title":"Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e859","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Dinesh","year":"2010"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"371","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: Evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase","volume":"95","author":"Surendran","year":"2005"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis","first-page":"86","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of wild-caught sand fly populations collected from two leishmaniasis endemic areas in Western Turkey","volume":"11","author":"Karakus","year":"2017"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"14","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of the sand fly leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka","volume":"2024","author":"Drk","year":"2020"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"46","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2012"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"254","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in different foci in three states of India","volume":"49","author":"Singh","year":"2012"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis","first-page":"33","article-title":"Susceptibility of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"68","author":"Singh","year":"2015"},{"key":"b47","article-title":"Operational Guidelines on Kala-Azar Elimination \u2013 2015.","year":"2015"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"71","article-title":"Multi-country assessment of residual bio-efficacy of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in malaria control on different surface types: Results from program monitoring in 17 PMI\/USAID-supported IRS countries","volume":"11","author":"Dengela","year":"2018"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"333","article-title":"Variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: Results from a community-based trial in south Cameroon","volume":"10","author":"Etang","year":"2011"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"796","article-title":"Residual efficacy of insecticides sprayed on different types of surfaces against leishmaniasis and filariasis vectors in Egypt","volume":"56","author":"Kassem","year":"2019"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008254","article-title":"Kala-azar elimination in a highly-endemic district of Bihar, India: A success story","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"159","article-title":"Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles","volume":"14","author":"Brogdon","year":"1998"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"212","article-title":"Diagnostic doses and times for Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) using the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance","volume":"9","author":"Denlinger","year":"2016"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Tropical Med Int Health","first-page":"639","article-title":"The poorest of the poor: A poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"14","author":"Boelaert","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"535","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance updates 2024: Consolidating gains and new initiatives","volume":"100","year":"2025"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-Azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015)","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Kala-Azar Elimination Programme: Report of a WHO Consultation of Partners, Geneva, Switzerland, 10\u201311 February 2015.","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int Health","first-page":"416","article-title":"Kala-azar elimination in India: Reflections on success and sustainability","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2025"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"National Kala-Azar Elimination Programme."},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Guidelines on Vector Control in Kala-Azar Elimination.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"8573","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"Coleman","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009101","article-title":"Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme","volume":"15","author":"Deb","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Tropical Med Int Health","first-page":"823","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"26","author":"Dinesh","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"106","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"5","author":"Dhiman","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"409","article-title":"Assessing the combined effects of household type and insecticide effectiveness for Kala-Azar vector control using indoor residual spraying: A case study from North Bihar, India","volume":"12","author":"Mandal","year":"2019"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Curr Sci","first-page":"103","article-title":"DDT-modulated behavioural profile in terms of longevity, fecundity fertility and fitness in subsequent generations of DDT-resistant Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"119","author":"Rama","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Accelerated Action Plan for Kala Azar Elimination, 2017.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Determining Discriminating Concentrations of Insecticides for Monitoring Resistance in Sand Flies: Report of a Multi-Centre Laboratory Study and WHO Expert Consultations.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"28","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia punjabaensis (Diptera:Psychodidae) to some insecticides in district Bikaner (Rajasthan)","volume":"28","author":"Bansal","year":"1996"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010304","article-title":"Susceptibility status of the wild-caught Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis, to different insecticides in Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"503","article-title":"Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay","volume":"17","author":"Chaubey","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","article-title":"Standard Operating Procedure for Testing the Susceptibility of Adult Sand Flies to Insecticides in WHO Tube Tests.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"49","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts Vaishaii and Patna (Bihar)","volume":"35","author":"Dhiman","year":"2003"},{"key":"b22","article-title":"Manual on Visceral Leishmaniasis Control.","year":"1996"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"450","article-title":"Morphological identification keys for adults of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Wijerathna","year":"2020"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Econ Entomol","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Evaluating single treatment data using Abbott\u2019s formula with reference to insecticides","volume":"78","author":"Fleming","year":"1985"},{"key":"b25","article-title":"Indoor Residual Spraying: An Operational Manual for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) for Malaria Transmission Control and Elimination, Second Edition.","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","article-title":"Operational Manual on Indoor Residual Spraying: Control of Vectors of Malaria, Aedes-Borne Diseases, Chagas Disease, Leishmaniases and Lymphatic Filariasis.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b27","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","article-title":"RUBI 50WP."},{"key":"b29","article-title":"WHOPES: Evaluation of Alpha-Cypermethrin WG-SB.","year":"2014"},{"key":"b30","article-title":"Indoor Residual Spraying.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","article-title":"Compression Sprayer Instructions","year":"2024"},{"key":"b32","article-title":"IRS Training Manual: The Application of Insecticides, Correct Use and Care of Equipment Used, and Staff Training.","author":"Farrel","year":"2017"},{"key":"b33","article-title":"Guidelines for Testing Mosquito Adulticides for Indoor Residual Spraying and Treatment of Mosquito Nets.","year":"2006"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Effect of indoor residual spraying on sandfly abundance and incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in India, 2016\u201322: An interrupted time-series analysis and modelling study","volume":"24","author":"Coffeng","year":"2024"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"447","article-title":"A new strategy for elimination of kala-azar from rural Bihar","volume":"126","author":"Thakur","year":"2007"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"54","article-title":"Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: Cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Trop Parasitol","first-page":"10","article-title":"The lost hope of elimination of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) by 2010 and cyclic occurrence of its outbreak in India, blame falls on vector control practices or co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus or therapeutic modalities?","volume":"4","author":"Muniaraj","year":"2014"},{"key":"b38","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in some kala-azar-endemic districts of Bihar, India.","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1992"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"793","article-title":"Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e859","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Dinesh","year":"2010"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"371","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: Evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase","volume":"95","author":"Surendran","year":"2005"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis","first-page":"86","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of wild-caught sand fly populations collected from two leishmaniasis endemic areas in Western Turkey","volume":"11","author":"Karakus","year":"2017"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"14","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of the sand fly leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka","volume":"2024","author":"Drk","year":"2020"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"46","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2012"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"254","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in different foci in three states of India","volume":"49","author":"Singh","year":"2012"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis","first-page":"33","article-title":"Susceptibility of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"68","author":"Singh","year":"2015"},{"key":"b47","article-title":"Operational Guidelines on Kala-Azar Elimination \u2013 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