{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:04:01Z","timestamp":1785780241387,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethiopia accounts for 59% of the global trachoma burden. To eliminate trachoma as a public health problem by 2030, modified mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have been proposed, including more frequent than annual MDA. In the present study, the cost of the \u201cchild MDA\u201d (CMDA) strategy, defined as an initial community-wide MDA treatment followed by another treatment targeting children aged 6 months to 9 years, was estimated in the Lasta and Wadilla districts, Amhara, Ethiopia. A micro-costing analysis was conducted from a payer perspective, documenting the total financial and economic cost, cost per person treated, and cost per treatment. The cost per person treated was calculated by dividing the total cost by the total number of people treated during the community-wide MDA distribution. The cost per treatment was calculated by dividing the total cost by the total number of treatments distributed overall. The total financial cost of implementing the CMDA strategy in Lasta and Wadilla was $106,427, corresponding to a financial cost per person treated of $0.41 and a financial cost per treatment of $0.32. In Lasta, 168,175 treatments were distributed at a financial cost of $61,978, corresponding to a cost per person of $0.48 and a cost per treatment of $0.37. In Wadilla, 169,248 treatments were distributed at a financial cost of $44,449, corresponding to a cost per person of $0.34 and a cost per treatment of $0.26. This information is useful to stakeholders considering the CMDA strategy in similar contexts and may contribute to future cost-effectiveness analyses of the strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:33:34Z","timestamp":1768930414000},"page":"445-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Cost of Annual and More Frequent Than Annual Mass Drug Administration for Trachoma in Two Districts in Amhara, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Jesudason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Global Health Ltd, Victoria, Malta;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayara","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Global Health Ltd, Victoria, Malta;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Global Health Ltd, Victoria, Malta;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshetu","family":"Sata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayalew","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teferi","family":"Demmelash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adisu","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alethia","family":"Sanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Kelly","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record, Vol. 99, No. 34, 23 August 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma: Progress Report on Elimination of Trachoma, 2023.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Gates Open Res","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed 2030 goals for trachoma","volume":"3","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"261","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, after 8 years of trachoma control interventions","volume":"108","author":"Nash","year":"2023"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Twelve-year longitudinal trends in trachoma prevalence among children aged 1\u20139 years in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2007\u20132019","volume":"104","author":"Sata","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Informal Consultation on End-Game Challenges for Trachoma Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, United States of America, 7-9 December 2021.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"630","article-title":"Azithromycin in control of trachoma","volume":"354","author":"Schachter","year":"1999"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"384","author":"Taylor","year":"2014"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Zithromax\u00ae Management Guide 2019.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Facilitating Accessible Community-Oriented Health Systems: The Health Development Army in Ethiopia.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","article-title":"Reference Case for Estimating the Costs of Global Health Services and Interventions.","author":"Vassall","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","article-title":"Principles and Methods Reporting Checklist.","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc","first-page":"31","article-title":"What are economic costs and when should they be used in health economic studies?","volume":"21","author":"Turner","year":"2023"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Valuing the unpaid contribution of community health volunteers to mass drug administration programs","volume":"68","author":"Turner","year":"2019"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Value Health","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Adjusting for inflation and currency changes within health economic studies","volume":"22","author":"Turner","year":"2019"},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Closing the Gap: Estimating the Investment Required for the Global Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"How to Cost Immunisation Programs: A Practical Guide on Primary Data Collection and Analysis.","author":"Resch","year":"2020"},{"key":"b19","article-title":"Cuex.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1362","article-title":"The cost of antibiotic mass drug administration 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