{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:01:02Z","timestamp":1772740862413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The footprint of melioidosis is expanding globally, but its historical roots are in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Melioidosis has long been described in military personnel deployed to melioidosis-endemic regions; however, the magnitude of the risk has not been quantified, and the nature of infecting events remains speculative. As with infections in the endemic population, the greatest concern is for inhalational melioidosis. Soil and air at four military locations in the highly melioidosis-prevalent environment of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, were sampled.\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was recovered from soil in all four sites but not from air samples. Genotyping revealed four\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence types (STs), with each ST recognized in human melioidosis cases from the region. Further systematic air sampling for\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    is required both during the monsoonal wet season and under other circumstances, including aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing capabilities, to better understand the risk of inhalational melioidosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T16:23:39Z","timestamp":1769531019000},"page":"432-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei at Military Sites in an Endemic Region: Implications for Future Deployments and Studies"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"McCrory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob G.","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Rotational Force Darwin, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sterling G.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Rotational Force Darwin, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Kaestli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ella M.","family":"Meumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia;"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Territory Pathology, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Letizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC, Sembawang, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart J.","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis","volume":"22","author":"Meumann","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"345","article-title":"Melioidosis at Royal Darwin Hospital in the big 2009\u20132010 wet season: Comparison with the preceding 20 years","volume":"196","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"8","article-title":"Serological evidence of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in U.S. Marines who trained in Australia from 2012\u20132014: A retrospective analysis of archived samples","volume":"26","author":"Schully","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"538","article-title":"Melioidosis\u2014A military medical problem?","volume":"128","author":"Rubin","year":"1963"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"598","article-title":"The pseudomallei group: A review","volume":"124","author":"Howe","year":"1971"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1737","article-title":"The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: A 30-year prospective, observational investigation","volume":"21","author":"Currie","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"458","article-title":"Melioidosis fatalities in captive slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta): Combining epidemiology, pathology and whole-genome sequencing supports variable mechanisms of transmission with one health implications","volume":"15","author":"Rachlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"5443","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Burkholderia pseudomallei from an urban melioidosis hot spot reveals a fine-scale population structure and localised spatial clustering in the environment","volume":"10","author":"Rachlin","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay targeting the type III secretion system of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"44","author":"Novak","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei in unchlorinated domestic bore water, Tropical Northern Australia","volume":"17","author":"Mayo","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e364","article-title":"Landscape changes influence the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in northern Australia","volume":"3","author":"Kaestli","year":"2009"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"365","article-title":"Melioidosis as a consequence of sporting activity","volume":"89","author":"Hill","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"773","article-title":"A prospective study of melioidosis after environmental exposure of healthy participants to Burkholderia pseudomallei during a muddy endurance challenge","volume":"92","author":"Grivas","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"759","article-title":"Surprisingly low seroprevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in exposed healthy adults in the Darwin region of tropical Australia where melioidosis is highly endemic","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Indiana Med","first-page":"247","article-title":"Recrudescent pulmonary melioidosis. A case report involving the so-called \u2018Vietnamese time bomb\u2019","volume":"80","author":"Goshorn","year":"1987"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"24","article-title":"Melioidosis: A serological survey in military personnel","volume":"138","author":"Clayton","year":"1973"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Hosp Pract (1995)","first-page":"219","article-title":"Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran","volume":"32","author":"Chodimella","year":"1997"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"156","article-title":"Melioidosis and activation from latency: The \u201cTime Bomb\u201d has not occurred","volume":"111","author":"Howes","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"3119","article-title":"Increased incidence of melioidosis in far north Queensland, Queensland, Australia, 1998\u20132019","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"111","article-title":"Melioidosis: Evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Currie","year":"2015"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Melioidosis in a tropical city state, Singapore","volume":"15","author":"Lo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"896","article-title":"Melioidosis outbreak after typhoon, southern Taiwan","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2007"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003834","article-title":"Airborne transmission of melioidosis to humans from environmental aerosols contaminated with B. pseudomallei.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Exp Pathol","first-page":"421","article-title":"Murine pulmonary infection and inflammation induced by inhalation of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"93","author":"West","year":"2012"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Int J Exp Pathol","first-page":"428","article-title":"Development of an acute model of inhalational melioidosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)","volume":"92","author":"Nelson","year":"2011"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Highly Infect Dis Crit Care","first-page":"97","article-title":"Zoonotic infections and biowarfare agents in critical care: Anthrax, plague, and tularemia","volume":"3","author":"Maves","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"57","article-title":"A case of melioidosis probably acquired by inhalation of dusts during a helicopter flight in a healthy traveler returning from Singapore","volume":"22","author":"Amadasi","year":"2015"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis","volume":"22","author":"Meumann","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"345","article-title":"Melioidosis at Royal Darwin Hospital in the big 2009\u20132010 wet season: Comparison with the preceding 20 years","volume":"196","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"8","article-title":"Serological evidence of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in U.S. Marines who trained in Australia from 2012\u20132014: A retrospective analysis of archived samples","volume":"26","author":"Schully","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"538","article-title":"Melioidosis\u2014A military medical problem?","volume":"128","author":"Rubin","year":"1963"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"598","article-title":"The pseudomallei group: A review","volume":"124","author":"Howe","year":"1971"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1737","article-title":"The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: A 30-year prospective, observational investigation","volume":"21","author":"Currie","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"458","article-title":"Melioidosis fatalities in captive slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta): Combining epidemiology, pathology and whole-genome sequencing supports variable mechanisms of transmission with one health implications","volume":"15","author":"Rachlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"5443","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Burkholderia pseudomallei from an urban melioidosis hot spot reveals a fine-scale population structure and localised spatial clustering in the environment","volume":"10","author":"Rachlin","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay targeting the type III secretion system of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"44","author":"Novak","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei in unchlorinated domestic bore water, Tropical Northern Australia","volume":"17","author":"Mayo","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e364","article-title":"Landscape changes influence the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in northern Australia","volume":"3","author":"Kaestli","year":"2009"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"365","article-title":"Melioidosis as a consequence of sporting activity","volume":"89","author":"Hill","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"773","article-title":"A prospective study of melioidosis after environmental exposure of healthy participants to Burkholderia pseudomallei during a muddy endurance challenge","volume":"92","author":"Grivas","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"759","article-title":"Surprisingly low seroprevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in exposed healthy adults in the Darwin region of tropical Australia where melioidosis is highly endemic","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Indiana Med","first-page":"247","article-title":"Recrudescent pulmonary melioidosis. A case report involving the so-called \u2018Vietnamese time bomb\u2019","volume":"80","author":"Goshorn","year":"1987"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"24","article-title":"Melioidosis: A serological survey in military personnel","volume":"138","author":"Clayton","year":"1973"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Hosp Pract (1995)","first-page":"219","article-title":"Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran","volume":"32","author":"Chodimella","year":"1997"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"156","article-title":"Melioidosis and activation from latency: The \u201cTime Bomb\u201d has not occurred","volume":"111","author":"Howes","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"3119","article-title":"Increased incidence of melioidosis in far north Queensland, Queensland, Australia, 1998\u20132019","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"111","article-title":"Melioidosis: Evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Currie","year":"2015"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Melioidosis in a tropical city state, Singapore","volume":"15","author":"Lo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"896","article-title":"Melioidosis outbreak after typhoon, southern Taiwan","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2007"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003834","article-title":"Airborne transmission of melioidosis to humans from environmental aerosols contaminated with B. pseudomallei.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Exp Pathol","first-page":"421","article-title":"Murine pulmonary infection and inflammation induced by inhalation of Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"93","author":"West","year":"2012"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Int J Exp Pathol","first-page":"428","article-title":"Development of an acute model of inhalational melioidosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)","volume":"92","author":"Nelson","year":"2011"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Highly Infect Dis Crit Care","first-page":"97","article-title":"Zoonotic infections and biowarfare agents in critical care: Anthrax, plague, and tularemia","volume":"3","author":"Maves","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"57","article-title":"A case of melioidosis probably acquired by inhalation of dusts during a helicopter flight in a healthy traveler returning from Singapore","volume":"22","author":"Amadasi","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p432.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p432.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p432.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:11:35Z","timestamp":1772737895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p432.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0542","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}