{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:32:00Z","timestamp":1775079120992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global health concern exacerbated by rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in developing countries where empirical therapy is common. Untreated UTIs can progress to sepsis with a poor prognosis. Understanding local AMR profiles of uropathogens is crucial for effective UTI treatment. This study aimed to identify the predominant uropathogens and determine their AMR profiles against a range of commonly used antimicrobials. This study was a 5-year retrospective cross-sectional surveillance study conducted on urine cultures processed from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024 at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali. In total, 2,921 positive urine cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were recorded and analyzed by pathogen and across care settings. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Associations were evaluated at a 5% significance level. This study found that among 2,921 isolates,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (64%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (22.9%) were the predominant uropathogens. High resistance rates were observed against commonly used antibiotics, such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (&gt;88%), third-generation cephalosporins (51\u201375%), and fluoroquinolones (\u223c55%) in both species, with\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    showing a more extensive resistance profile. Conversely, the isolates were less resistant to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and amikacin (&lt;20%) across care settings. The findings reveal a significant burden of multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship and sustained surveillance. Such measures are essential to preserve the efficacy of critical antibiotics, particularly carbapenems and aminoglycosides, and to guide effective clinical management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:31:28Z","timestamp":1771947088000},"page":"648-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda: A 5-Year Surveillance Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Munyemana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Uwizeyimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie Claire","family":"Ndayisaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Dusabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masceline Jenipher","family":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Paul","family":"Sinumvayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Kantarama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rubambana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Mwiseneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Hahirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belson","family":"Rugwizangoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Masaisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Nyundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharcisse","family":"Mpunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director General, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mil Med Res","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"73","article-title":"Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections","volume":"29","author":"Tandogdu","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ther Adv Urol","first-page":"1756287219832172","article-title":"An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Medina","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"4702","article-title":"Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1577777","article-title":"Global burden of urinary tract infections in older women from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2040: A trend analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2025"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"989","article-title":"Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women","volume":"164","author":"Hu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Health Popul Nutr","first-page":"231","article-title":"Global, regional, and national lifetime probabilities of urinary tract infections and interstitial nephritis from 1990 to 2021","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"923","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents in bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Rwanda: Need for new antimicrobial guidelines","volume":"84","author":"Muvunyi","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Climacteric","first-page":"242","article-title":"The etiology and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2019"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Pol J Microbiol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli.","volume":"68","author":"Kot","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"ITC49","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"167","author":"Gupta","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"721","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Treatment\/comparative therapeutics","volume":"45","author":"Olin","year":"2015"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am","first-page":"501","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"48","author":"Peck","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"865","article-title":"High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial isolates in a tertiary healthcare facility in Rwanda","volume":"92","author":"Ntirenganya","year":"2015"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Med Port","first-page":"466","article-title":"Urinary tract infections caused by community-acquired extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a level III hospital\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"33","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis","first-page":"20499361251315346","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary tract infection: Insights and strategies from a 5-year serial cross-sectional study in Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"Que","year":"2025"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis","first-page":"8042540","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among patients with UTI at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda","volume":"2020","author":"Odongo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Microbiol Insights","first-page":"11786361221106109","article-title":"Reported cases of urinary tract infections and the susceptibility of uropathogens from hospitals in northern Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Karikari","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden","volume":"28","author":"Foxman","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Int Braz J Urol","first-page":"451","article-title":"The length of the male urethra","volume":"34","author":"Kohler","year":"2008"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Front Urol","first-page":"1487858","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: Is it time for a new approach considering a gender perspective and new microbial advances?","volume":"4","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"JCI Insight","first-page":"e122998","article-title":"Sex differences in IL-17 contribute to chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection","volume":"5","author":"Zychlinsky Scharff","year":"2019"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Turk J Urol","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pediatric patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"44","author":"Ayelign","year":"2018"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Rev Urol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Nielubowicz","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Postgrad Med","first-page":"242","article-title":"An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"129","author":"Bader","year":"2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Infect Chemother","first-page":"221","article-title":"Distribution of virulence associated traits among urine Escherichia coli isolates from patients in onco-hematology","volume":"22","author":"Safi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract","first-page":"99","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of point prevalence studies","volume":"15","author":"Abubakar","year":"2022"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Public Health Chall","first-page":"e183","article-title":"Status of infection prevention and control programs in 25 facilities of Rwanda: Results from the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework","volume":"3","author":"Irakiza","year":"2024"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Open Microbiol J","first-page":"292","article-title":"Bacteriology and antibiogram of urinary tract infection among female patients in a tertiary health facility in south eastern Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Oli","year":"2017"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0198621","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacilli isolated from intra-abdominal and urinary-tract infections in Mexico from 2009 to 2015: Results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)","volume":"13","author":"Ponce-de-Leon","year":"2018"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"788","article-title":"Effect of meropenem-vaborbactam vs piperacillin-tazobactam on clinical cure or improvement and microbial eradication in complicated urinary tract infection: The TANGO I randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Kaye","year":"2018"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci","first-page":"897","article-title":"The evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI in tertiary care hospital of Peshawar","volume":"35","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profile of common bacteria isolated from blood stream, lower respiratory tract and urinary infections in intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Kabrah","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Transplant Proc","first-page":"2050","article-title":"Urinary tract infections and surgical site infections due to carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae in renal transplant","volume":"48","author":"Rodrigues Dos Santos","year":"2016"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Infect Chemother","first-page":"762","article-title":"Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of amikacin in the treatment of lower urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae.","volume":"20","author":"Ipekci","year":"2014"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2414","article-title":"Evolution of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a multi-profile hospital over 5 years (2017\u20132021)","volume":"12","author":"M\u0105czy\u0144ska","year":"2023"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mil Med Res","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"73","article-title":"Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections","volume":"29","author":"Tandogdu","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ther Adv Urol","first-page":"1756287219832172","article-title":"An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Medina","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"4702","article-title":"Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1577777","article-title":"Global burden of urinary tract infections in older women from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2040: A trend analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2025"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"989","article-title":"Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women","volume":"164","author":"Hu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Health Popul Nutr","first-page":"231","article-title":"Global, regional, and national lifetime probabilities of urinary tract infections and interstitial nephritis from 1990 to 2021","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"923","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents in bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Rwanda: Need for new antimicrobial guidelines","volume":"84","author":"Muvunyi","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Climacteric","first-page":"242","article-title":"The etiology and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2019"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Pol J Microbiol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli.","volume":"68","author":"Kot","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"ITC49","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"167","author":"Gupta","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"721","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Treatment\/comparative therapeutics","volume":"45","author":"Olin","year":"2015"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am","first-page":"501","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"48","author":"Peck","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"865","article-title":"High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial isolates in a tertiary healthcare facility in Rwanda","volume":"92","author":"Ntirenganya","year":"2015"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Med Port","first-page":"466","article-title":"Urinary tract infections caused by community-acquired extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a level III hospital\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"33","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis","first-page":"20499361251315346","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary tract infection: Insights and strategies from a 5-year serial cross-sectional study in Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"Que","year":"2025"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis","first-page":"8042540","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among patients with UTI at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda","volume":"2020","author":"Odongo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Microbiol Insights","first-page":"11786361221106109","article-title":"Reported cases of urinary tract infections and the susceptibility of uropathogens from hospitals in northern Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Karikari","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden","volume":"28","author":"Foxman","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Int Braz J Urol","first-page":"451","article-title":"The length of the male urethra","volume":"34","author":"Kohler","year":"2008"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Front Urol","first-page":"1487858","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: Is it time for a new approach considering a gender perspective and new microbial advances?","volume":"4","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"JCI Insight","first-page":"e122998","article-title":"Sex differences in IL-17 contribute to chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection","volume":"5","author":"Zychlinsky Scharff","year":"2019"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Turk J Urol","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pediatric patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"44","author":"Ayelign","year":"2018"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Rev Urol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Nielubowicz","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Postgrad Med","first-page":"242","article-title":"An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"129","author":"Bader","year":"2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Infect Chemother","first-page":"221","article-title":"Distribution of virulence associated traits among urine Escherichia coli isolates from patients in onco-hematology","volume":"22","author":"Safi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract","first-page":"99","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of point prevalence studies","volume":"15","author":"Abubakar","year":"2022"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Public Health Chall","first-page":"e183","article-title":"Status of infection prevention and control programs in 25 facilities of Rwanda: Results from the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework","volume":"3","author":"Irakiza","year":"2024"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Open Microbiol J","first-page":"292","article-title":"Bacteriology and antibiogram of urinary tract infection among female patients in a tertiary health facility in south eastern Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Oli","year":"2017"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0198621","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacilli isolated from intra-abdominal and urinary-tract infections in Mexico from 2009 to 2015: Results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)","volume":"13","author":"Ponce-de-Leon","year":"2018"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"788","article-title":"Effect of meropenem-vaborbactam vs piperacillin-tazobactam on clinical cure or improvement and microbial eradication in complicated urinary tract infection: The TANGO I randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Kaye","year":"2018"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci","first-page":"897","article-title":"The evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI in tertiary care hospital of Peshawar","volume":"35","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profile of common bacteria isolated from blood stream, lower respiratory tract and urinary infections in intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Kabrah","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Transplant Proc","first-page":"2050","article-title":"Urinary tract infections and surgical site infections due to carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae in renal transplant","volume":"48","author":"Rodrigues Dos Santos","year":"2016"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Infect Chemother","first-page":"762","article-title":"Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of amikacin in the treatment of lower urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae.","volume":"20","author":"Ipekci","year":"2014"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2414","article-title":"Evolution of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a multi-profile hospital over 5 years (2017\u20132021)","volume":"12","author":"M\u0105czy\u0144ska","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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