{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:01:10Z","timestamp":1772740870205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Residual brain calcifications that occur after antiparasitic treatment in neurocysticercosis (NCC) can serve as foci of enduring neuroinflammation and associated seizures. Etidronate, a first-generation bisphosphonate, has exhibited efficacy in reducing the formation of ectopic brain calcification. In the present proof-of-concept study, its effects on post-treatment calcifications were evaluated in 12 pigs naturally infected with NCC, confirmed via magnetic resonance imaging. All animals received albendazole plus praziquantel for 5 days, either alone (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6) or with etidronate (20 mg\/kg\/day for 2 weeks, then 10 mg\/kg\/day for 8 weeks;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6). Eight months post-treatment, the animals were euthanized for ex vivo brain computed tomography, histology, and scanning electron microscopy of calcified lesions. Etidronate reduced the risk of calcification by 21% (risk ratio = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.65\u20130.90;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.020); however, there was considerable individual variability in the magnitude of this risk reduction, as well as significantly decreased calcium and phosphorus content in granulomas. Etidronate was well tolerated and may serve as an adjunctive therapy to reduce residual calcification after antiparasitic treatment in NCC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:33:34Z","timestamp":1768930414000},"page":"499-502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Etidronate May Reduce Residual Calcification in Porcine Neurocysticercosis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitological Diagnostic Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cientifica Del Sur, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Baquedano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Erick","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Diaz-Gongora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitological Diagnostic Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitological Diagnostic Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier A.","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitological Diagnostic Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"e00085-19","article-title":"Taenia solium cysticercosis and its impact in neurological disease","volume":"33","author":"Garcia","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1500","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: Neglected but not forgotten","volume":"6","author":"Coyle","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"805","article-title":"Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: Cysticercosis","volume":"90","author":"Cantey","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"158","article-title":"Antiparasitic treatment of neurocysticercosis \u2013 The effect of cyst destruction in seizure evolution","volume":"76","author":"Garcia","year":"2017"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e2592","article-title":"Frequency and determinant factors for calcification in neurocysticercosis","volume":"73","author":"Bustos","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Seizure","first-page":"840","article-title":"Seizure recurrence in patients with solitary cystic granuloma or single parenchymal cerebral calcification: A comparative evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Disease centered around calcified Taenia solium granuloma","volume":"33","author":"Nash","year":"2017"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e2601","article-title":"New insights into calcified neurocysticercosis: Closing the knowledge gap","volume":"73","author":"Coyle","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Bisphosphonates in Bone Disease: From the Laboratory to the Patient","author":"Fleisch","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"77","article-title":"Brain calcifications induce neurological dysfunction that can be reversed by a bone drug","volume":"243","author":"Loeb","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"539","article-title":"Disodium etidronate: Its role in preventing heterotopic ossification in severe head injury","volume":"64","author":"Spielman","year":"1983"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effects of etidronate on brain calcifications in Fahr\u2019s disease or syndrome: Rationale and design of the randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind CALCIFADE trial","volume":"19","author":"Snijders","year":"2024"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Management of calcified cysticerci in the brain parenchyma: Treating the dead parasite","volume":"22","author":"Del Brutto","year":"2024"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0013022","article-title":"The process of residual 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