{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:31:53Z","timestamp":1775079113758,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    School-aged children constitute an important asymptomatic reservoir for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and may harbor the parasite through malaria transmission seasons in the absence of treatment. As WHO guidelines do not recommend chemoprevention for this group, there is a need to understand how such interventions could impact malaria transmission dynamics. This study investigated seasonal transmission patterns and the potential of mass drug administration (MDA) at the onset of the dry season to interrupt malaria transmission. Monthly parasitological surveys were conducted in Burkina Faso rural localities during the dry season targeting two cohorts of school-aged children: one of children uninfected at baseline who received no treatment and another of parasitemic asymptomatic children who received a full treatment dose of artemether-lumefantrine. Monthly blood samples were collected and analyzed using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Parasite diversity and drug resistance were assessed with\n                    <jats:italic>msp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>msp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    typing and\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotyping, and entomological monitoring evaluated mosquito vector dynamics and infection status. Our results revealed that 93% of uninfected individuals remained\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection free. Among treated individuals, 91% remained negative during follow-up. The prevalence of persistent infections among parasitemic individuals was stable over time at 5\u20139% in both cohorts.\n                    <jats:italic>msp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>msp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotyping revealed the same haplotypes over time within participants, and analysis of drug-resistance markers showed low frequencies of mutations associated with antimalarial resistance. Our findings demonstrated that malaria transmission is interrupted during the dry season and that early MDA can effectively prevent infection, with over 90% of participants remaining parasite free, highlighting its potential to disrupt transmission dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:18:02Z","timestamp":1770304682000},"page":"680-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of Seasonal Mass Drug Administration in School-Aged Children on Chronic Malaria Infections in Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"In\u00e8s G. L.","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l\u2019Elimination des Maladies \u00e0 Transmission Vectorielle\/Universit\u00e9 Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dari F.","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Guigma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l\u2019Elimination des Maladies \u00e0 Transmission Vectorielle\/Universit\u00e9 Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"},{"name":"Secr\u00e9tariat Permanent pour l\u2019\u00e9limination du paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bazi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard M.","family":"Som\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicaise D. C.","family":"Dj\u00e8gb\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l\u2019Elimination des Maladies \u00e0 Transmission Vectorielle\/Universit\u00e9 Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata","family":"Ciss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Korotimi","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Fabrice","family":"Som\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Kabor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l\u2019Elimination des Maladies \u00e0 Transmission Vectorielle\/Universit\u00e9 Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Churcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infections Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roch K.","family":"Dabir\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2024. Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2022.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"377","article-title":"Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination","volume":"24","author":"Bousema","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"985","article-title":"High Plasmodium infection intensity in naturally infected malaria vectors in Africa","volume":"50","author":"Bompard","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"254","article-title":"A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: Challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Malariaworld J","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in asymptomatic children in low transmission settings in Bagamoyo, Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Sumari","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"424","article-title":"The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Weapons of mass dispersion","volume":"22","author":"Drakeley","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"128","article-title":"A cohort study on the duration of Plasmodium falciparum infections during the dry season in The Gambia","volume":"226","author":"Collins","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"582","article-title":"Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal","volume":"59","author":"Babiker","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"314","article-title":"On-going malaria transmission in The Gambia despite high coverage of control interventions: A nationwide cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Mwesigwa","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Seasonal malaria vector and transmission dynamics in western Burkina Faso","volume":"18","author":"Epopa","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health","first-page":"775","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of malaria in children","volume":"4","author":"Ashley","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001467","article-title":"Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: Active surveillance in control and elimination","volume":"10","author":"Sturrock","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"990","article-title":"Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a humid savannah area of western Burkina Faso: Bionomics, insecticide resistance status, and role in malaria transmission","volume":"44","author":"Dabir\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region).","author":"Gillies","year":"1987"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"636","article-title":"Local adaptation and colonization are potential factors affecting sexual competitiveness and mating choice in Anopheles coluzzii populations","volume":"12","author":"Nignan","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Directives Pour le Traitement du Paludisme Deuxi\u00e8me \u00c9dition.","year":"2011"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"M\u00e9d Mal Infect","first-page":"S121","article-title":"Diagnostic du paludisme: Frottis sanguin, goutte \u00e9paisse et tests antig\u00e9niques","volume":"38","author":"Delaunay","year":"2008"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Revue Fran\u00e7aise Laboratoires","first-page":"25","article-title":"Le paludisme d\u2019importation: Diagnostic au laboratoire","volume":"2000","author":"de Gentile","year":"2000"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Biotechniques","first-page":"550","article-title":"DNAzol: A reagent for the rapid isolation of genomic DNA","volume":"22","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1997"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"795","article-title":"Intraspecific nucleotide variation in Anopheles gambiae: New insights into the biology of malaria vectors","volume":"71","author":"Morlais","year":"2004"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Snounou","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"78","article-title":"Optimization and validation of multi-coloured capillary electrophoresis for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins (msp1 and 2)","volume":"8","author":"Liljander","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes and clinical response to chloroquine in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"183","author":"Dorsey","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Part 2","key":"b25","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"121","article-title":"Polymorphic microsatellite markers identified in individual Plasmodium falciparum oocysts from wild-caught Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"121","author":"Anthony","year":"2000"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"328","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"42","author":"Gouagna","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms","volume":"7","author":"Santolamazza","year":"2008"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001788","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection of Plasmodium falciparum by amplification of multi-copy subtelomeric targets","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Okell","year":"2009"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0182674","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2017"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"833","article-title":"Asymptomatic malaria infections: Detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance","volume":"12","author":"Bousema","year":"2014"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Increased circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum underlies persistent asymptomatic infection in the dry season","volume":"26","author":"Andrade","year":"2020"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"427","article-title":"Determinants of Plasmodium falciparum multiplicity of infection and genetic diversity in Burkina Faso","volume":"13","author":"Sondo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"17","article-title":"Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: Relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants","volume":"7","author":"Vafa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Using the entomological inoculation rate to assess the impact of vector control on malaria parasite transmission and elimination","volume":"9","author":"Shaukat","year":"2010"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Antimalarial dosing regimens and drug resistance","volume":"24","author":"Barnes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1134","article-title":"High-throughput screening platform identifies small molecules that prevent sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"211","author":"Gullingsrud","year":"2015"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Optimal treatments for severe malaria and the threat posed by artemisinin resistance","volume":"219","author":"Jones","year":"2019"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"48","article-title":"Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of artemether\u2013lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine shows inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017\u20132018","volume":"20","author":"Gansan\u00e9","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1949","article-title":"Selection of known Plasmodium falciparum resistance-mediating polymorphisms by artemether\u2013lumefantrine and amodiaquine\u2013sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine but not dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Burkina Faso","volume":"54","author":"Som\u00e9","year":"2010"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Randomized comparison of amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine, artemether\u2013lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso","volume":"45","author":"Zongo","year":"2007"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"207","article-title":"Ex vivo anti-malarial drugs sensitivity profile of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Burkina Faso five years after the national policy change","volume":"13","author":"Tinto","year":"2014"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"27","article-title":"Declining malaria parasite prevalence and trends of asymptomatic parasitaemia in a seasonal transmission setting in North-Western Burkina Faso between 2000 and 2009\u20132012","volume":"12","author":"Geiger","year":"2013"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"43","article-title":"Rapid urban malaria appraisal (RUMA) I: Epidemiology of urban malaria in Ouagadougou","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2005"},{"key":"b1","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2024. Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2022.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"377","article-title":"Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination","volume":"24","author":"Bousema","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"985","article-title":"High Plasmodium infection intensity in naturally infected malaria vectors in Africa","volume":"50","author":"Bompard","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"254","article-title":"A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: Challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Malariaworld J","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in asymptomatic children in low transmission settings in Bagamoyo, Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Sumari","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"424","article-title":"The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Weapons of mass dispersion","volume":"22","author":"Drakeley","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"128","article-title":"A cohort study on the duration of Plasmodium falciparum infections during the dry season in The Gambia","volume":"226","author":"Collins","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"582","article-title":"Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal","volume":"59","author":"Babiker","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"314","article-title":"On-going malaria transmission in The Gambia despite high coverage of control interventions: A nationwide cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Mwesigwa","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Seasonal malaria vector and transmission dynamics in western Burkina Faso","volume":"18","author":"Epopa","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health","first-page":"775","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of malaria in children","volume":"4","author":"Ashley","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001467","article-title":"Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: Active surveillance in control and elimination","volume":"10","author":"Sturrock","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"990","article-title":"Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a humid savannah area of western Burkina Faso: Bionomics, insecticide resistance status, and role in malaria transmission","volume":"44","author":"Dabir\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region).","author":"Gillies","year":"1987"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"636","article-title":"Local adaptation and colonization are potential factors affecting sexual competitiveness and mating choice in Anopheles coluzzii populations","volume":"12","author":"Nignan","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Directives Pour le Traitement du Paludisme Deuxi\u00e8me \u00c9dition.","year":"2011"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"M\u00e9d Mal Infect","first-page":"S121","article-title":"Diagnostic du paludisme: Frottis sanguin, goutte \u00e9paisse et tests antig\u00e9niques","volume":"38","author":"Delaunay","year":"2008"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Revue Fran\u00e7aise Laboratoires","first-page":"25","article-title":"Le paludisme d\u2019importation: Diagnostic au laboratoire","volume":"2000","author":"de Gentile","year":"2000"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Biotechniques","first-page":"550","article-title":"DNAzol: A reagent for the rapid isolation of genomic DNA","volume":"22","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1997"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"795","article-title":"Intraspecific nucleotide variation in Anopheles gambiae: New insights into the biology of malaria vectors","volume":"71","author":"Morlais","year":"2004"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Snounou","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"78","article-title":"Optimization and validation of multi-coloured capillary electrophoresis for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins (msp1 and 2)","volume":"8","author":"Liljander","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes and clinical response to chloroquine in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"183","author":"Dorsey","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Part 2","key":"b25","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"121","article-title":"Polymorphic microsatellite markers identified in individual Plasmodium falciparum oocysts from wild-caught Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"121","author":"Anthony","year":"2000"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"328","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"42","author":"Gouagna","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms","volume":"7","author":"Santolamazza","year":"2008"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001788","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection of Plasmodium falciparum by amplification of multi-copy subtelomeric targets","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Okell","year":"2009"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0182674","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2017"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"833","article-title":"Asymptomatic malaria infections: Detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance","volume":"12","author":"Bousema","year":"2014"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Increased circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum underlies persistent asymptomatic infection in the dry season","volume":"26","author":"Andrade","year":"2020"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"427","article-title":"Determinants of Plasmodium falciparum multiplicity of infection and genetic diversity in Burkina Faso","volume":"13","author":"Sondo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"17","article-title":"Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: Relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants","volume":"7","author":"Vafa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Using the entomological inoculation rate to assess the impact of vector control on malaria parasite transmission and elimination","volume":"9","author":"Shaukat","year":"2010"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Antimalarial dosing regimens and drug resistance","volume":"24","author":"Barnes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1134","article-title":"High-throughput screening platform identifies small molecules that prevent sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"211","author":"Gullingsrud","year":"2015"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Optimal treatments for severe malaria and the threat posed by artemisinin resistance","volume":"219","author":"Jones","year":"2019"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"48","article-title":"Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of artemether\u2013lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine shows inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017\u20132018","volume":"20","author":"Gansan\u00e9","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1949","article-title":"Selection of known Plasmodium falciparum resistance-mediating polymorphisms by artemether\u2013lumefantrine and amodiaquine\u2013sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine but not dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Burkina Faso","volume":"54","author":"Som\u00e9","year":"2010"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Randomized comparison of amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine, artemether\u2013lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso","volume":"45","author":"Zongo","year":"2007"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"207","article-title":"Ex vivo anti-malarial drugs sensitivity profile of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Burkina Faso five years after the national policy change","volume":"13","author":"Tinto","year":"2014"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"27","article-title":"Declining malaria parasite prevalence and trends of asymptomatic parasitaemia in a seasonal transmission setting in North-Western Burkina Faso between 2000 and 2009\u20132012","volume":"12","author":"Geiger","year":"2013"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"43","article-title":"Rapid urban malaria appraisal (RUMA) I: Epidemiology of urban malaria in Ouagadougou","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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