{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:32:09Z","timestamp":1775079129858,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trichinellosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease, is usually transmitted through raw or undercooked muscle tissue. We report a 25-year-old hunter from Hokkaido, Japan, who acquired trichinellosis by consuming a raw bear eyeball, a tissue previously presumed to be parasite-free. He developed fatigue and rash within 3 days, followed by fever and myalgia 9 days after consumption. Serology confirmed trichinellosis, and treatment with albendazole led to full recovery. Among five hunters who consumed meat from the same bear, only the two who ate raw eyeballs developed the disease, whereas those who ate only cooked meat remained asymptomatic. This appears to be the first report of trichinellosis linked to raw bear eyeballs. Clinicians and public health practitioners should be aware that any uncooked tissue may carry an infection risk. These findings underscore the need for vigilance against unconventional transmission routes and culturally sensitive education for accurate diagnosis and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1770304678000},"page":"677-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trichinellosis after Raw Bear Eyeball Consumption"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Jinno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Nagahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhito","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Mihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Shiratori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Zhiliang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maekawa","family":"Yoichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichinellosis surveillance\u2013United States, 2008-2012","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Wilderness Environ Med","first-page":"235","article-title":"The disease ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of Trichinellosis linked to consumption of wild animal meat","volume":"31","author":"Diaz","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Outbreak of Trichinella T9 infections associated with consumption of bear meat, Japan","volume":"24","author":"Tada","year":"2018"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl","first-page":"264","article-title":"Trichinella T9 in wild bears in Japan: Prevalence, species\/genotype identification, and public health implications","volume":"21","author":"Murakami","year":"2023"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"127","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis","volume":"22","author":"Gottstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"247","article-title":"Trichinellosis outbreak linked to consumption of privately raised raw boar meat \u2013 California, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Heaton","year":"2018"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"709","article-title":"Computed tomographic appearance of extraocular muscle calcification in a patient with seropositive trichinosis","volume":"110","author":"Behrens-Baumann","year":"1990"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"474","article-title":"Double trouble: Orbital rhabdomyoma with trichinellosis","volume":"43","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"297","article-title":"Outbreak of human trichinellosis in Northern California caused by Trichinella murrelli.","volume":"87","author":"Hall","year":"2012"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep","first-page":"153","article-title":"Outbreak of human trichinellosis \u2013 Arizona, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 2022","volume":"50","author":"Cash-Goldwasser","year":"2024"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichinellosis surveillance\u2013United States, 2008-2012","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Wilderness Environ Med","first-page":"235","article-title":"The disease ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of Trichinellosis linked to consumption of wild animal meat","volume":"31","author":"Diaz","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Outbreak of Trichinella T9 infections associated with consumption of bear meat, Japan","volume":"24","author":"Tada","year":"2018"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites 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rhabdomyoma with trichinellosis","volume":"43","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"297","article-title":"Outbreak of human trichinellosis in Northern California caused by Trichinella murrelli.","volume":"87","author":"Hall","year":"2012"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep","first-page":"153","article-title":"Outbreak of human trichinellosis \u2013 Arizona, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 2022","volume":"50","author":"Cash-Goldwasser","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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