{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:32:09Z","timestamp":1775079129414,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate the impact of common polymorphisms in key cytochrome P450 (\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n ) genes (\n CYP2C8<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CYP2C9, CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n CYP3A5<\/jats:italic>\n ) on drug levels and treatment responses in\n Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n -infected patients treated with chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ). CYP2C8 and CYP3A5 are the key enzymes that metabolize CQ, whereas CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 are those that metabolize PQ. A total of 99 DNA samples from Burmese patients with microscopically confirmed\n P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n monoinfection, who received standard doses of CQ (25 mg\/kg) and PQ (15 mg\/kg\/day for 14 days), were included for genotyping of\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. The relationship between\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n polymorphisms and patients\u2019 clinical outcomes and drug level data was assessed. All patients achieved complete parasite clearance and resolution of fever without recurrence. The most frequent alleles were\n CYP3A5*3<\/jats:italic>\n (71.7%) and\n CYP2D6*10<\/jats:italic>\n (30.6%). The\n CYP3A5*3<\/jats:italic>\n variant was significantly associated with altered desethylchloroquine levels, whereas\n CYP2C19*3<\/jats:italic>\n was associated with faster parasite clearance. No significant associations were found between\n CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n or\n CYP2C8<\/jats:italic>\n variants and PQ levels or clinical efficacy. Notably, a patient homozygous for\n CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n *\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n (a poor metabolizer) responded successfully to treatment, suggesting the presence of alternative or compensatory metabolic pathways. Despite a high prevalence of reduced-function\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n variants, CQ-PQ therapy was effective in all patients, indicating that genetic polymorphisms may influence drug metabolism without compromising clinical outcomes. Nevertheless,\n CYP3A5*3<\/jats:italic>\n and\n CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n *\n 3<\/jats:italic>\n variants appear to modulate drug pharmacokinetics and parasite clearance kinetics. These findings underscore the importance of pharmacogenetic surveillance to optimize antimalarial therapy, particularly in elimination settings.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T19:59:58Z","timestamp":1770926398000},"page":"702-710","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacogenetic Profiling of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Plasmodium vivax Patients Treated with Chloroquine and Primaquine: Implications for Personalized Malaria Therapy"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Papichaya","family":"Phompradit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phunuch","family":"Muhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurak","family":"Cheoymang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kesara","family":"Na-Bangchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand;"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand;"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"982","article-title":"Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant vivax malaria in a pregnant woman on the western border of Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Rijken","year":"2011"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and sulfadoxine and treatment response in children with malaria: Suggestions for an improved dose regimen","volume":"65","author":"Obua","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"23","article-title":"The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax.","volume":"16","author":"Buyon","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e1089","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: In vitro characterisation and association with molecular polymorphisms","volume":"2","author":"Suwanarusk","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"21","article-title":"Human cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 families as pharmacogenes with emphases on their antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs and prevalent African alleles","volume":"24","author":"Chamboko","year":"2023"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"950","article-title":"Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and N-acetyltransferase 2 genes on the metabolism of artemisinin-based combination therapies in malaria patients from Cambodia and Tanzania","volume":"57","author":"Staehli Hodel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet","first-page":"745","article-title":"A review of pharmacogenetics of antimalarials and associated clinical implications","volume":"42","author":"Elewa","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Pharm Res","first-page":"631","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C8 and CYP3A4\/5 are involved in chloroquine metabolism in human liver microsomes","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2003"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"259","article-title":"CYP450 phenotyping and accurate mass identification of metabolites of the 8-aminoquinoline, antimalarial drug primaquine","volume":"11","author":"Pybus","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) IV: Clinical pharmacology","volume":"6","author":"Barnes","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"159","article-title":"Simplified antimalarial therapeutic monitoring: Using the day-7 drug level?","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"2008"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"75","article-title":"Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine: Selective pressure for resistance is a function of long elimination half-life","volume":"87","author":"Watkins","year":"1993"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Chemotherapy","first-page":"385","article-title":"Antimalarial drug toxicity: A review","volume":"53","author":"AlKadi","year":"2007"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol","first-page":"405","article-title":"Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives","volume":"40","author":"Efferth","year":"2010"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Toxicology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK\/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"90","article-title":"Influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 polymorphisms on the efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar","volume":"20","author":"Pernaute-Lau","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Pharmacogenomics","first-page":"1903","article-title":"The effect of SNPs in CYP450 in chloroquine\/primaquine Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment","volume":"17","author":"Sortica","year":"2016"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Primaquine failure and cytochrome P-450 2D6 in Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"369","author":"Bennett","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"289","article-title":"Association between CYP2D6 phenotype and recurrence of Plasmodium vivax infection in south Korean patients","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"44","article-title":"Monitoring of clinical efficacy and in\u00a0vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in area along the Thai-Myanmar border during 2009-2010","volume":"10","author":"Muhamad","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal","first-page":"1031","article-title":"HPLC with ultraviolet detection for the determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in whole blood and finger-prick capillary blood dried on filter paper","volume":"55","author":"Cheomung","year":"2011"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"151","article-title":"Patients\u2019 adherence and clinical effectiveness of a 14-day course of primaquine when given with a 3-day chloroquine in patients with Plasmodium vivax at the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"152","author":"Cheoymang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"272","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: Contribution of UGT2B7, CYP2C8, and ABCC2 genotypes","volume":"132","author":"Daly","year":"2007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"1217","article-title":"VKORC1-1639G>A, CYP2C9, EPHX1691A>G genotype, body weight, and age are important predictors for warfarin maintenance doses in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses in southwest China","volume":"66","author":"Gu","year":"2010"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"907","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Maharashtrian population","volume":"22","author":"Ghodke","year":"2007"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med","first-page":"655","article-title":"Detection of CYP2D6*3 and 2D6*4 allelic variants by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism","volume":"36","author":"Topic","year":"1998"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Biol Pharm Bull","first-page":"1655","article-title":"CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism in South Indian 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Dis","first-page":"104400","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the CYP-450 gene and malaria: A genotypic and phenotypic relationship with therapeutic failure","volume":"28","author":"Cerilo-Filho","year":"2024"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"760","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of antimalarial drugs: Effect on metabolism and transport","volume":"9","author":"Kerb","year":"2009"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","first-page":"39","article-title":"An update on pharmacogenetic factors influencing the metabolism and toxicity of artemisinin-based combination therapy in the treatment of malaria","volume":"18","author":"Pernaute-Lau","year":"2022"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"15330","article-title":"Impact of CYP2D6, MAOA, and UGT2B7 genetic variants on recurrence of Plasmodium vivax in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"15","author":"da Silva","year":"2025"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"102333","article-title":"Effects of CYP2D6 genotypes on Plasmodium vivax recurrence after primaquine treatment: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2022"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Pharmacogenomics","first-page":"229","article-title":"CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants","volume":"3","author":"Bradford","year":"2002"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther","first-page":"508","article-title":"CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms in South-East and East Asian populations: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Dorji","year":"2019"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"JMD","first-page":"619","article-title":"CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotyping recommendations: A joint consensus recommendation of the Association for Molecular Pathology, Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium, College of American Pathologists, Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group of the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association, European Society for Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Therapy, and Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase","volume":"25","author":"Pratt","year":"2023"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1159","article-title":"PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP3A5","volume":"112","author":"Rodriguez-Antona","year":"2022"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Hum Genom","first-page":"40","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the global distribution of clinically relevant CYP2C8 alleles and their inferred functional consequences","volume":"18","author":"Camara","year":"2024"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health","first-page":"24","article-title":"Influence of CYP2C8 polymorphism on the exposure to chloroquine in patients with malaria by Plasmodium vivax-A preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Pereira de Sena","year":"2025"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0160172","article-title":"Variation in human cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolism genes: A gateway to the understanding of Plasmodium vivax relapses","volume":"11","author":"Silvino","year":"2016"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"101","article-title":"Influence of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 host genotypes on early recurrence of Plasmodium vivax.","volume":"64","author":"Almeida","year":"2020"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"764","article-title":"Effects of host genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy of the radical cure malaria drug primaquine","volume":"106","author":"Nain","year":"2022"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004389","article-title":"Primaquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with chloroquine","volume":"2013","author":"Galappaththy","year":"2013"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Front Trop Dis","first-page":"25","article-title":"Influence of CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 genotypes on recurrence of Plasmodium vivax.","volume":"3","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"93","article-title":"In vitro activity of chloroquine, the two enantiomers of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine and pyronaridine against Plasmodium falciparum.","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"1986"},{"key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"982","article-title":"Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant vivax malaria in a pregnant woman on the western border of Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Rijken","year":"2011"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and sulfadoxine and treatment response in children with malaria: Suggestions for an improved dose regimen","volume":"65","author":"Obua","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"23","article-title":"The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax.","volume":"16","author":"Buyon","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e1089","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: In vitro characterisation and association with molecular polymorphisms","volume":"2","author":"Suwanarusk","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"21","article-title":"Human cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 families as pharmacogenes with emphases on their antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs and prevalent African alleles","volume":"24","author":"Chamboko","year":"2023"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"950","article-title":"Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and N-acetyltransferase 2 genes on the metabolism of artemisinin-based combination therapies in malaria patients from Cambodia and Tanzania","volume":"57","author":"Staehli Hodel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet","first-page":"745","article-title":"A review of pharmacogenetics of antimalarials and associated clinical implications","volume":"42","author":"Elewa","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Pharm Res","first-page":"631","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C8 and CYP3A4\/5 are involved in chloroquine metabolism in human liver microsomes","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2003"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"259","article-title":"CYP450 phenotyping and accurate mass identification of metabolites of the 8-aminoquinoline, antimalarial drug primaquine","volume":"11","author":"Pybus","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) IV: Clinical pharmacology","volume":"6","author":"Barnes","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"159","article-title":"Simplified antimalarial therapeutic monitoring: Using the day-7 drug level?","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"2008"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"75","article-title":"Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine: Selective pressure for resistance is a function of long elimination half-life","volume":"87","author":"Watkins","year":"1993"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Chemotherapy","first-page":"385","article-title":"Antimalarial drug toxicity: A review","volume":"53","author":"AlKadi","year":"2007"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol","first-page":"405","article-title":"Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives","volume":"40","author":"Efferth","year":"2010"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Toxicology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK\/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"90","article-title":"Influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 polymorphisms on the efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar","volume":"20","author":"Pernaute-Lau","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Pharmacogenomics","first-page":"1903","article-title":"The effect of SNPs in CYP450 in chloroquine\/primaquine Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment","volume":"17","author":"Sortica","year":"2016"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Primaquine failure and cytochrome P-450 2D6 in Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"369","author":"Bennett","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"289","article-title":"Association between CYP2D6 phenotype and recurrence of Plasmodium vivax infection in south Korean patients","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"44","article-title":"Monitoring of clinical efficacy and in\u00a0vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in area along the Thai-Myanmar border during 2009-2010","volume":"10","author":"Muhamad","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal","first-page":"1031","article-title":"HPLC with ultraviolet detection for the determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in whole blood and finger-prick capillary blood dried on filter paper","volume":"55","author":"Cheomung","year":"2011"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"151","article-title":"Patients\u2019 adherence and clinical effectiveness of a 14-day course of primaquine when given with a 3-day chloroquine in patients with Plasmodium vivax at the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"152","author":"Cheoymang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"272","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: Contribution of UGT2B7, CYP2C8, and ABCC2 genotypes","volume":"132","author":"Daly","year":"2007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"1217","article-title":"VKORC1-1639G>A, CYP2C9, EPHX1691A>G genotype, body weight, and age are important predictors for warfarin maintenance doses in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses in southwest China","volume":"66","author":"Gu","year":"2010"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"907","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Maharashtrian population","volume":"22","author":"Ghodke","year":"2007"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med","first-page":"655","article-title":"Detection of CYP2D6*3 and 2D6*4 allelic variants by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism","volume":"36","author":"Topic","year":"1998"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Biol Pharm Bull","first-page":"1655","article-title":"CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism in South Indian populations","volume":"29","author":"Naveen","year":"2006"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association study of ABCB1 and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms with sirolimus trough concentration and dose requirements in Chinese renal transplant recipients","volume":"29","author":"Miao","year":"2008"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010986","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genetic variations in Thai vivax malaria patients: Implications for 8-aminoquinoline radical cure","volume":"16","author":"Chamchoy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Pharmacog Pers Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacogene variation in Thai Plasmodium vivax relapse patients treated with a combination of primaquine and chloroquine","volume":"13","author":"Chamnanphon","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Brazil J Infect Dis","first-page":"104400","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the CYP-450 gene and malaria: A genotypic and phenotypic relationship with therapeutic failure","volume":"28","author":"Cerilo-Filho","year":"2024"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"760","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of antimalarial drugs: Effect on metabolism and transport","volume":"9","author":"Kerb","year":"2009"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","first-page":"39","article-title":"An update on pharmacogenetic factors influencing the metabolism and toxicity of artemisinin-based combination therapy in the treatment of malaria","volume":"18","author":"Pernaute-Lau","year":"2022"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"15330","article-title":"Impact of CYP2D6, MAOA, and UGT2B7 genetic variants on recurrence of Plasmodium vivax in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"15","author":"da Silva","year":"2025"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"102333","article-title":"Effects of CYP2D6 genotypes on Plasmodium vivax recurrence after primaquine treatment: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2022"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Pharmacogenomics","first-page":"229","article-title":"CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants","volume":"3","author":"Bradford","year":"2002"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther","first-page":"508","article-title":"CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms in South-East and East Asian populations: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Dorji","year":"2019"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"JMD","first-page":"619","article-title":"CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotyping recommendations: A joint consensus recommendation of the Association for Molecular Pathology, Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium, College of American Pathologists, Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group of the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association, European Society for Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Therapy, and Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase","volume":"25","author":"Pratt","year":"2023"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1159","article-title":"PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP3A5","volume":"112","author":"Rodriguez-Antona","year":"2022"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Hum Genom","first-page":"40","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the global distribution of clinically relevant CYP2C8 alleles and their inferred functional 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