{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:15:42Z","timestamp":1790565342187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Community pharmacies (private retail drug shops or pharmacies) have emerged as promising platforms for antiretroviral therapy delivery. This rapid review synthesizes findings on using pharmacies to treat HIV infection and\/or tuberculosis (TB), and it identifies lessons for expanding TB service delivery. We reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 with adherence, retention in care, virologic suppression, prescription refill rates, and TB treatment access as outcomes. Of 314 articles screened, only 3 met the eligibility criteria (studies reporting pharmacies treating HIV infection and\/or TB). Findings revealed improved CD4 cell counts; improved mean body weight; and higher rates of prescription refill (95\u2013100%), retention (98%), and viral suppression (99%). Pharmacies have proven effective in delivering treatment for people with HIV and\/or TB, highlighting their potential role in expanding TB treatment and related services in sub-Saharan Africa. However, pilot studies are needed to assess the effectiveness and implementation outcomes before broader implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:44:32Z","timestamp":1775745872000},"page":"1027-1031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rapid Review of Community Pharmacies and Potential for Expanded Access for the Treatment of HIV Infection and\/or Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Izudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda;"},{"name":"Directorate of Graduate Training, Research and Innovation, Muni University, Arua, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurine","family":"Ng\u2019oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Sekaggya-Wiltshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"Mulago National Referral and Specialized Hospital, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, St. Andrews University, Fife, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Sammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California;"},{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Jugan Geongang Gwa Jilbyeong","first-page":"55","article-title":"Review of the global burden of tuberculosis in 2023: Insights from the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e029400","article-title":"Treatment success rate among adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Izudi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis","first-page":"100248","article-title":"Facility-based directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis during COVID-19: A community perspective","volume":"24","author":"Zimmer","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"2452","article-title":"Tuberculosis patients\u2019 satisfaction with directly observed treatment short course strategy and associated factors in Southern Ethiopia: A mixed method study","volume":"24","author":"Leyto","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pan Afr Med J","first-page":"118","article-title":"Determinants of adherence to clinic appointments among tuberculosis and HIV co-infected individuals attending care at Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"37","author":"Nhandara","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"345","article-title":"Missed appointments at a tuberculosis clinic increased the risk of clinical treatment failure","volume":"37","author":"Srisaenpang","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Causal inference methodologies to assess the effect of missed clinic visits on treatment success rate among people with tuberculosis in rural Uganda","volume":"25","author":"Izudi","year":"2025"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"IJID Reg","first-page":"100461","article-title":"Effect of missed clinic visits on treatment outcomes among people with tuberculosis: A quasi-experimental study utilizing instrumental variable analysis","volume":"13","author":"Izudi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"S26","article-title":"The WHO global tuberculosis 2021 report\u2014Not so good news and turning the tide back to end TB","volume":"124","author":"Chakaya","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Impact of Differentiated Service Delivery Models on Quality of Life among People Living with HIV in Uganda\u2014A Quasi-Experimental Study.","author":"Nasasira","year":"2024"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"West Afr J Med","first-page":"67","article-title":"Outcome of community-based antiretroviral drug refill among stable human immunodeficiency virus patients accessing care at a tertiary center in Abuja, Nigeria: A 3-year review","volume":"40","author":"Kwaghe","year":"2023"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0190286","article-title":"Integrating community pharmacy into community based anti-retroviral therapy program: A pilot implementation in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Avong","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm","first-page":"842","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy in community pharmacies\u2014Implementation and outcomes of a differentiated drug delivery model in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Asieba","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Consolidated Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV and AIDS in Uganda","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Health Serv Res","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Exploring drivers and barriers to the utilization of community client-led ART delivery model in South-Western Uganda: Patients\u2019 and health workers\u2019 experiences","volume":"21","author":"Kintu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0269020","article-title":"Client and healthcare worker experiences with differentiated HIV treatment models in Eswatini","volume":"17","author":"Reidy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)","first-page":"539","article-title":"Experiences and perceptions on community client-led ART delivery (CCLADS) model of antiretroviral (ART) delivery: Patients\u2019 and providers\u2019 perspectives in south western Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Kasande","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0254214","article-title":"A mixed-methods evaluation of the uptake of novel differentiated ART delivery models in a national sample of health facilities in Uganda","volume":"16","author":"Zakumumpa","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"BMC Health Serv Res","first-page":"222","article-title":"Understanding implementation barriers in the national scale-up of differentiated ART delivery in Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Zakumumpa","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"BMC Health Serv Res","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to the implementation and scale up of differentiated service delivery models for HIV treatment in Africa: A scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Belay","year":"2022"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Missed opportunities in engaging community pharmacies for integrated tuberculosis care in sub-Saharan Africa: A call to action","volume":"114","author":"Izudi","year":"2025"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Jugan Geongang Gwa Jilbyeong","first-page":"55","article-title":"Review of the global burden of tuberculosis in 2023: Insights from the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e029400","article-title":"Treatment success rate among adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Izudi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis","first-page":"100248","article-title":"Facility-based directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis during COVID-19: A community perspective","volume":"24","author":"Zimmer","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"2452","article-title":"Tuberculosis patients\u2019 satisfaction with directly observed treatment short course strategy and associated factors in Southern Ethiopia: A mixed method study","volume":"24","author":"Leyto","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pan Afr Med J","first-page":"118","article-title":"Determinants of adherence to clinic appointments among tuberculosis and HIV co-infected individuals attending care at Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"37","author":"Nhandara","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"345","article-title":"Missed appointments at a tuberculosis clinic increased the risk of clinical treatment failure","volume":"37","author":"Srisaenpang","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Causal inference methodologies to assess the effect of missed clinic visits on treatment success rate among people with tuberculosis in rural Uganda","volume":"25","author":"Izudi","year":"2025"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"IJID Reg","first-page":"100461","article-title":"Effect of missed clinic visits on treatment outcomes among people with tuberculosis: A quasi-experimental study utilizing instrumental variable analysis","volume":"13","author":"Izudi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"S26","article-title":"The WHO global tuberculosis 2021 report\u2014Not so good news and turning the tide back to end TB","volume":"124","author":"Chakaya","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Impact of Differentiated Service Delivery Models on Quality of Life among People Living with HIV in Uganda\u2014A Quasi-Experimental Study.","author":"Nasasira","year":"2024"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"West Afr J Med","first-page":"67","article-title":"Outcome of community-based antiretroviral drug refill among stable human immunodeficiency virus patients accessing care at a tertiary center in Abuja, Nigeria: A 3-year review","volume":"40","author":"Kwaghe","year":"2023"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0190286","article-title":"Integrating community pharmacy into community based anti-retroviral therapy program: A pilot implementation in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Avong","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm","first-page":"842","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy in community pharmacies\u2014Implementation and outcomes of a differentiated drug delivery model in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Asieba","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Consolidated Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV and AIDS in Uganda","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Health Serv Res","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Exploring drivers and barriers to the utilization of community client-led ART delivery model in South-Western Uganda: Patients\u2019 and health workers\u2019 experiences","volume":"21","author":"Kintu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0269020","article-title":"Client and healthcare worker experiences with differentiated HIV treatment models in Eswatini","volume":"17","author":"Reidy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)","first-page":"539","article-title":"Experiences and perceptions on community client-led ART delivery (CCLADS) model of antiretroviral (ART) delivery: 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Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1027.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1027.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1027.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:15:59Z","timestamp":1780496159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1027.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0623","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}