{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:53:34Z","timestamp":1782924814248,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus endemic to Latin America and the Caribbean. It is closely related to chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which has a more global circulation that overlaps with MAYV-endemic areas. Both viruses cause similar symptoms of acute febrile illness and chronic joint pain. Human studies have attempted to determine whether CHIKV can generate cross-protective immunity against MAYV because of their close genetic and antigenic relationship but could not definitively rule out past exposure to MAYV. We investigated cross-reactive MAYV responses using paired blood samples from 15 CHIKV-infected patients from Paraguay, where there have been no reported Mayaro fever cases. These samples were collected during the acute phase of the illness and 2 to 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Acute-phase serum samples were confirmed positive for the presence of CHIKV viral RNA with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Plaque reduction neutralization tests were performed on the samples to calculate 80% plaque reduction neutralization titers for CHIKV and MAYV. Previous MAYV exposure was detected in three CHIKV patients, suggesting that past exposure to MAYV might not be sufficient to protect against CHIKV infection. Of the other CHIKV patients without prior MAYV immunity, only one third developed low MAYV cross-neutralizing antibody responses, indicating nonreciprocity in CHIKV and MAYV cross-protection. This study provides evidence of a potential silent circulation of MAYV in Paraguay, which requires further investigation. These findings have critical implications for areas coendemic for MAYV and CHIKV and provide important advances to better understand cross-protection among alphaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1777988105000},"page":"130-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Cross-Protective Responses against Mayaro Virus among Chikungunya Virus-Infected Patients from Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle N.","family":"Kostecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rayos de Sol NGO, Asuncion, Paraguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvia V.","family":"Campuzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rayos de Sol NGO, Asuncion, Paraguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia S.","family":"Ampuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia V.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Mayaro virus infection, Amazon Basin region, Peru, 2010\u20132013","volume":"19","author":"Halsey","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"677","article-title":"Emerging alphaviruses in the Americas: Chikungunya and Mayaro","volume":"47","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"17","article-title":"Chikungunya fever","volume":"9","author":"Bartholomeeusen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies from convalescent chikungunya virus patients can cross-neutralize Mayaro and Una viruses","volume":"100","author":"Martins","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"e14","article-title":"Mayaro virus in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"44","author":"Ganjian","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Mayaro virus in child with acute febrile illness, Haiti, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lednicky","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1326","article-title":"Mayaro virus in wild mammals, French Guiana","volume":"9","author":"de Thoisy","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"104948","article-title":"Detection of Mayaro virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes circulating in Goi\u00e2nia-Goi\u00e1s-Brazil","volume":"24","author":"de Curcio","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"115","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes to infection by Mayaro virus strains","volume":"109","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"33","article-title":"An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952\u201353. II. General description and epidemiology","volume":"49","author":"Lumsden","year":"1955"},{"issue":"9916","key":"b11","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"514","article-title":"Chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"383","author":"Leparc-Goffart","year":"2014"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S441","article-title":"Epidemiology of chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"214","author":"Yactayo","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"20399","article-title":"Effects of chikungunya virus immunity on Mayaro virus disease and epidemic potential","volume":"9","author":"Webb","year":"2019"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"S18","article-title":"Cross-lineage protection between CHIKV primary infection and MAYV secondary exposure in mice","volume":"130","author":"Machado","year":"2023"},{"issue":"23","key":"b15","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e0112221","article-title":"Chikungunya virus exposure partially cross-protects against Mayaro virus infection in mice","volume":"95","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"b16","series-title":"Vaccines (Basel)","first-page":"893","article-title":"The approved live-attenuated chikungunya virus vaccine (IXCHIQ\u00ae) elicits cross-neutralizing antibody breadth extending to multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses similar to the antibody breadth following natural infection","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2024"},{"issue":"696","key":"b17","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","first-page":"eade8273","article-title":"A chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine induces broadly neutralizing and protective antibodies against alphaviruses in humans","volume":"15","author":"Raju","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"b18","series-title":"Vaccines (Basel)","first-page":"970","article-title":"Nonreciprocity in CHIKV and MAYV vaccine-elicited protection","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011154","article-title":"Infection with chikungunya virus confers heterotypic cross-neutralizing antibodies and memory B-cells against other arthritogenic alphaviruses predominantly through the B domain of the E2 glycoprotein","volume":"17","author":"Powers","year":"2023"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S471","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of chikungunya virus infections and commercial sources for diagnostic assays","volume":"214","author":"Johnson","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2311","article-title":"Analytical and clinical performance of the CDC real time RT-PCR assay for detection and typing of dengue virus","volume":"7","author":"Santiago","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"607","article-title":"Serological responses in patients infected with Mayaro virus and evaluation of cross-protective responses against chikungunya virus","volume":"106","author":"Bopp","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Mayaro virus infection, Amazon Basin region, Peru, 2010\u20132013","volume":"19","author":"Halsey","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"677","article-title":"Emerging alphaviruses in the Americas: Chikungunya and Mayaro","volume":"47","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"17","article-title":"Chikungunya fever","volume":"9","author":"Bartholomeeusen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies from convalescent chikungunya virus patients can cross-neutralize Mayaro and Una 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susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes to infection by Mayaro virus strains","volume":"109","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"33","article-title":"An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952\u201353. 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