{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:01:16Z","timestamp":1780340476263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is dual endemicity of malaria and helminthic infections in low- and middle-income countries. Coinfection with both infectious diseases may have compounding negative effects on the health of school-aged children (SAC) in endemic areas. The prevalence of coinfection with malaria and intestinal helminths, including soil-transmitted helminths,\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Hymenolepis nana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was assessed among SAC in rural northern Uganda. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted at four randomly selected schools from June 2 to June 10, 2025 in Nwoya District, Uganda. Children aged 5\u201318 years provided stool and blood samples, and were surveyed to assess demographic, environmental, and health-related factors. Intestinal helminth diagnosis was performed using a modified Kato-Katz method (Odongo-Aginya stain); malaria was detected using\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) histidine-rich protein 2 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and blood smears. Overall, 190 SAC with a median age of 13 years were enrolled. Although 75.3% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 143) of SAC tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    on an RDT, only 13.2% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 25) had microscopically detected parasitemia. Intestinal helminth infections were uncommon and involved\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0.5%;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1),\n                    <jats:italic>Hymenolepis nana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.6%;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3), and\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.1%;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2). All SAC with intestinal helminth infections (3.2%;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6) had positive malaria RDT results. The high rate of malaria RDT positivity with negative blood smears may be due to persistent antigenemia post-treatment or false negative blood smear results due to chronic low-grade parasitemia. The low rate of malaria\u2013helminth coinfection among SAC observed in the present study is supported by other recent studies in Uganda and suggests a high efficacy of national mass drug administration programming for the control of intestinal helminths.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:11:39Z","timestamp":1773328299000},"page":"913-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Coinfection with Malaria and Intestinal Helminths among School-Aged Children in Nwoya District, Northern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Kiel","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Otika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Matejak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davidson H.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"Boston University Center on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"Malaria.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"366","article-title":"The \u2018hidden\u2019 burden of malaria: Cognitive impairment following infection","volume":"9","author":"Fernando","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"921","article-title":"Malaria and helminths co\u2010infection\u2014Effects on anaemia, iron and folate deficiencies in paediatric population in Ghana","volume":"30","author":"Bempah","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009138","article-title":"Malaria and helminth co-infections in children living in endemic countries: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Afolabi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Uganda.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Malaria Incidence (per 1000 Population at Risk) [Indicator].","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMJ Glob Health","first-page":"e011137","article-title":"Mapping malaria incidence using routine health facility surveillance data in Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Epstein","year":"2023"},{"key":"b9","article-title":"National Malaria Control Program.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Uganda Launches Largest Malaria Vaccine Introduction to Date.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"181","article-title":"Household practices and infrastructure associated with high Plasmodium falciparum infection rates among children under five years old in Northern Uganda","volume":"24","author":"Echodu","year":"2025"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1568","article-title":"Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: A longitudinal, observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Andolina","year":"2021"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"708","article-title":"Asymptomatic school-aged children are important drivers of malaria transmission in a high endemicity setting in uganda","volume":"226","author":"Rek","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: National Coverage (%) of School-Aged Children.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011605","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Uganda: Results from population-based prevalence surveys in five districts","volume":"17","author":"Tinkitina","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012324","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in five districts in Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Tinkitina","year":"2024"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"67","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths and Plasmodium falciparum malaria among individuals living in different agroecosystems in two rural communities in the mount Cameroon area: A cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Sumbele","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"333","article-title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminth coinfection and associated factors among malaria-suspected patients attending Shewa Robit Health Center, North-Central Ethiopia","volume":"111","author":"Asemahegn","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"314","article-title":"Epidemiology of coinfection with soil transmitted helminths and Plasmodium falciparum among school children in Bumula District in western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Kepha","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"33","article-title":"Substitution of malachite green with nigrosin-eosin yellow stain in the Kato-Katz method: Microscopical appearance of the helminth eggs","volume":"7","author":"Odongo-Aginya","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"109","article-title":"Estimating malaria antigen dynamics and the time to negativity of next-generation malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"24","author":"Sheahan","year":"2025"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"765","article-title":"Assessment of malaria rapid diagnostic tests and histidine-rich protein 2 deletions among asymptomatic children and adults in Bagamoyo, Tanzania","volume":"112","author":"Ngasala","year":"2025"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Malaria \u2013 Recent Advances and New Perspectives","author":"Asare","year":"2022"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"295","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical outcomes of Plasmodium falciparum and intestinal parasitic infections among children in Kiryandongo refugee camp, mid-western Uganda: A cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Oboth","year":"2019"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0332246","article-title":"Low prevalence of helminth infection in Ugandan children hospitalized with severe malaria","volume":"20","author":"Capone","year":"2025"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005953","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in relation to infection intensity","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e4renbold","year":"2017"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"399","article-title":"Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a \u2018gold standard\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Tarafder","year":"2010"},{"key":"b30","article-title":"Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2023.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b1","article-title":"Malaria.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"366","article-title":"The \u2018hidden\u2019 burden of malaria: Cognitive impairment following infection","volume":"9","author":"Fernando","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"921","article-title":"Malaria and helminths co\u2010infection\u2014Effects on anaemia, iron and folate deficiencies in paediatric population in Ghana","volume":"30","author":"Bempah","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009138","article-title":"Malaria and helminth co-infections in children living in endemic countries: A systematic review with 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Ethiopia","volume":"111","author":"Asemahegn","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"314","article-title":"Epidemiology of coinfection with soil transmitted helminths and Plasmodium falciparum among school children in Bumula District in western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Kepha","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"33","article-title":"Substitution of malachite green with nigrosin-eosin yellow stain in the Kato-Katz method: Microscopical appearance of the helminth eggs","volume":"7","author":"Odongo-Aginya","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"109","article-title":"Estimating malaria antigen dynamics and the time to negativity of next-generation malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"24","author":"Sheahan","year":"2025"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"765","article-title":"Assessment of malaria rapid diagnostic tests and histidine-rich protein 2 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