{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:53:07Z","timestamp":1782924787350,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biological infections of the zoonotic nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have caused neuroangiostrongyliasis (NAS) in many people around the world and have impacted the neurological health of various wild and domestic animals. Several Caribbean countries have reported cases of NAS caused by the rat lungworm; however, the most recent study in Puerto Rico was in 1984. Here, we conducted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate levels of\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in 205 gastropod samples from 20 different species across eight sites in Puerto Rico. An overall estimate of 35.6% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 73\/205) was determined to be positive. We found that approximately 67.2% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 45\/67) of\n                    <jats:italic>Parmarion intermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Parmarion martensi<\/jats:italic>\n                    were PCR positive for\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA.\n                    <jats:italic>Parmarion<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Caracolus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. samples contained significantly greater concentrations of\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA by several orders of magnitude than all of the other species tested, suggesting higher infection levels. Gastropods collected from three sites on the northwestern side of the island yielded significantly less\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA than midregion sites, suggesting lower infection levels.\n                    <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found in several areas across Puerto Rico, with the highest nematode prevalence found at somewhat higher elevations (471\u2013532 meters). An extensive temporal study of\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in gastropods as well as in the definitive rat host would provide a better understanding of the widespread prevalence and biogeography of this parasite in Puerto Rico, and thus, it would provide a better estimate of infection risks to humans and other animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:24:26Z","timestamp":1779974666000},"page":"81-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection in Gastropods of Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Julia Marie","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2019i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mollusca Global Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2019i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argon","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2019i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyinska","family":"Wiscovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico and St Croix, US Virgin Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mildred","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico and St Croix, US Virgin Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico and St Croix, US Virgin Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosme","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico and St Croix, US Virgin Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan I.","family":"Jarvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2019i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compar\u00e9e","first-page":"312","article-title":"Un nouveau n\u00e9matode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis, n g., n. sp","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"1935"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"620","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by a metastrongylid lung-worm of rats","volume":"179","author":"Rosen","year":"1962"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Aust J Zool","first-page":"1","article-title":"The life history of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"3","author":"Mackerras","year":"1955"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"240","article-title":"Detection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus Cantonensis) infection by real-time PCR from the peripheral blood of animals: A preliminary study","volume":"123","author":"Jarvi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100426","article-title":"Paratenic hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and their relation to human neuroangiostrongyliasis globally","volume":"15","author":"Turck","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1594","article-title":"AcanR3990 qPCR: A novel, highly sensitive, bioinformatically-informed assay to detect Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections","volume":"73","author":"Sears","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"2","article-title":"Verminous meningo-encephalomyelitis by Angiostrongylus (=Parastrongylus) cantonensis in an American Miniature Horse","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"70","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause of death in captive non-human primates","volume":"42","author":"Gardiner","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"203","article-title":"Occurrence of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in invasive coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus Coqui) and other hosts in Hawaii","volume":"56","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"107","article-title":"Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis in the western hemisphere","volume":"35","author":"Cross","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0209813","article-title":"Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","first-page":"223","article-title":"Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals","volume":"3","author":"Alicata","year":"1965"},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"199","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific Basin: The global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats","volume":"34","author":"Kliks","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: The \u201csubarachnoid phase\u201d and its implications for anthelminthic therapy","volume":"98","author":"Prociv","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"129","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis and neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease) 2020","volume":"148","author":"Jarvi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"227","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated recommendations","volume":"148","author":"Ansdell","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Global spread of an emerging tropical disease","volume":"107","author":"Cowie","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"b18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2167","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2019\u20132022","volume":"29","author":"Gottdenker","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Pac Sci","first-page":"457","article-title":"Distribution of Parmarion cf. martensi (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae), a new semi-slug pest on Hawai \u2018i Island, and its potential as a vector for human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"61","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Bishop Museum Occas Pap","first-page":"7","article-title":"Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893 (Gastropoda: Ariophantidae), an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm), on Maui","volume":"123","author":"Cowie","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"b21","series-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci","first-page":"1820","article-title":"Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease): Viewpoints from Hawaii Island","volume":"8","author":"Howe","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"b22","series-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc","first-page":"639","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningoencephalitis in three pediatric patients in Florida, USA","volume":"13","author":"Chance","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"668","article-title":"An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean","volume":"346","author":"Slom","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"324","article-title":"Enzootic Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and snails after an outbreak of human eosinophilic meningitis, Jamaica","volume":"8","author":"Lindo","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Fatal autochthonous eosinophilic meningitis in a Jamaican child caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"70","author":"Lindo","year":"2004"},{"issue":"May","key":"b26","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"31","article-title":"First cases of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection reported in Martinique, 2002\u20132017","volume":"27","author":"Dard","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"692","article-title":"First evidence of angiostrongyliasis caused by in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles","volume":"96","author":"Dard","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"b28","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in Villa Clara (Cuba). A study of 17 patients","volume":"31","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Delgado","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"b29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"963","article-title":"First record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Cuba","volume":"30","author":"Aguiar","year":"1981"},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop","first-page":"207","article-title":"Bradybaena similaris (Ferussac): Intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Cuba","volume":"33","author":"Jaume","year":"1981"},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"253","article-title":"First record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in the Dominican Republic","volume":"43","author":"Vargas","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"b32","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"160","article-title":"Existence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats (Rattus Norvegicus) in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"162","author":"Chikweto","year":"2009"},{"issue":"8","key":"b33","series-title":"Heliyon","first-page":"e02382","article-title":"Internal parasitic burdens in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies","volume":"5","author":"Coomansingh-Springer","year":"2019"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"64","article-title":"Molecular study of the status of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats in Haiti","volume":"31","author":"Fedna","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"b35","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1211","article-title":"An epidemiological study of A. cantonensis in Jamaica subsequent to an outbreak of human cases of eosinophilic meningitis in 2000","volume":"143","author":"Waugh","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"b36","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Jamaica","volume":"11","author":"Waugh","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"b37","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"407","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis in a returned traveler from Santo Domingo: Case report and review","volume":"14","author":"Leone","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"b38","series-title":"Tropical Med Int Health","first-page":"423","article-title":"Pr\u00e9sence d\u2019 Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Ha\u00efti","volume":"8","author":"Raccurt","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"J Agric Univ Puerto Rico","first-page":"353","article-title":"No Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) observed in 108 rats in San Juan P.R","volume":"48","author":"de Le\u00f3n","year":"1964"},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"319","article-title":"First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Puerto Rico","volume":"35","author":"Andersen","year":"1986"},{"issue":"9","key":"b41","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen","volume":"143","author":"Barratt","year":"2016"},{"key":"b42","article-title":"On the occurrence of two Southeast Asian semi-slugs in Puerto Rico","author":"Robinson","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"b43","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"1415","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts","volume":"73","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"b44","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"176","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"94","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"b45","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"174","article-title":"Quantitative PCR estimates Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) infection levels in semi-slugs (Parmarion Martensi)","volume":"185","author":"Jarvi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"b46","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0177910","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus Cantonensis in wild rats (Rattus rattus) and terrestrial snails in Florida, USA","volume":"12","author":"Stockdale Walden","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"b47","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"156","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis in introduced gastropods in southern Florida source","volume":"101","author":"Stockdale-Walden","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"b48","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"133","article-title":"Variation in Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in definitive and intermediate hosts in Hawaii, a global hotspot of rat lungworm disease","volume":"148","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2021"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"b50","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"167","article-title":"Alternative pathways in (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) transmission","volume":"148","author":"Modr\u00fd","year":"2021"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100658","article-title":"Stressed snails release Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae in their slime","volume":"17","author":"Rollins","year":"2023"},{"key":"b52","article-title":"The leatherleaf slugs (family Veronicellidae)","author":"Robinson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"b53","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"212","article-title":"In vitro comparison of treatments and commercially available solutions on mortality of Angiostrongylus cantonensis third-stage larvae","volume":"148","author":"Steel","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"b54","series-title":"Malacologia","first-page":"241","article-title":"Ecology of the Puerto Rican camaenid tree-snails","volume":"17","author":"Heatwole","year":"1978"},{"issue":"1","key":"b55","series-title":"Biotropica","first-page":"100","article-title":"Effects of treefall gaps on the density of land snails in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico","volume":"25","author":"Alvarez","year":"1993"},{"key":"b56","article-title":"Habitat Selection, Home Range, and Population Dynamics of Caracolus caracolla in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico.","author":"Cary","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"b57","series-title":"Southwest Nat","first-page":"70","article-title":"Structural and taxonomic correlates of habitat selection by a Puerto Rican land snail","volume":"43","author":"Willig","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"b58","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"66","article-title":"The helminth parasites of rats in Hawaii and the description of Capillaria traverae sp. n","volume":"48","author":"Ash","year":"1962"},{"issue":"4","key":"b59","series-title":"Biotropica","first-page":"480","article-title":"A complex metacommunity structure for gastropods along an elevational gradient","volume":"43","author":"Presley","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"b60","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"69","article-title":"Estimating human exposure to rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) on Hawai\u2019i Island: A pilot study","volume":"102","author":"Jarvi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compar\u00e9e","first-page":"312","article-title":"Un nouveau n\u00e9matode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis, n g., n. sp","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"1935"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"620","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by a metastrongylid lung-worm of rats","volume":"179","author":"Rosen","year":"1962"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Aust J Zool","first-page":"1","article-title":"The life history of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"3","author":"Mackerras","year":"1955"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"240","article-title":"Detection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus Cantonensis) infection by real-time PCR from the peripheral blood of animals: A preliminary study","volume":"123","author":"Jarvi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100426","article-title":"Paratenic hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and their relation to human neuroangiostrongyliasis globally","volume":"15","author":"Turck","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1594","article-title":"AcanR3990 qPCR: A novel, highly sensitive, bioinformatically-informed assay to detect Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections","volume":"73","author":"Sears","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"2","article-title":"Verminous meningo-encephalomyelitis by Angiostrongylus (=Parastrongylus) cantonensis in an American Miniature Horse","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"70","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause of death in captive non-human primates","volume":"42","author":"Gardiner","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"203","article-title":"Occurrence of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in invasive coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus Coqui) and other hosts in Hawaii","volume":"56","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"107","article-title":"Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis in the western hemisphere","volume":"35","author":"Cross","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0209813","article-title":"Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","first-page":"223","article-title":"Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals","volume":"3","author":"Alicata","year":"1965"},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"199","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific Basin: The global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats","volume":"34","author":"Kliks","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: The \u201csubarachnoid phase\u201d and its implications for anthelminthic therapy","volume":"98","author":"Prociv","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"129","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis and neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease) 2020","volume":"148","author":"Jarvi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"227","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated recommendations","volume":"148","author":"Ansdell","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Global spread of an emerging tropical disease","volume":"107","author":"Cowie","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"b18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2167","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2019\u20132022","volume":"29","author":"Gottdenker","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Pac Sci","first-page":"457","article-title":"Distribution of Parmarion cf. martensi (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae), a new semi-slug pest on Hawai \u2018i Island, and its potential as a vector for human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"61","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Bishop Museum Occas Pap","first-page":"7","article-title":"Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893 (Gastropoda: Ariophantidae), an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm), on Maui","volume":"123","author":"Cowie","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"b21","series-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci","first-page":"1820","article-title":"Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease): Viewpoints from Hawaii Island","volume":"8","author":"Howe","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"b22","series-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc","first-page":"639","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningoencephalitis in three pediatric patients in Florida, USA","volume":"13","author":"Chance","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"668","article-title":"An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean","volume":"346","author":"Slom","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"324","article-title":"Enzootic Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and snails after an outbreak of human eosinophilic meningitis, Jamaica","volume":"8","author":"Lindo","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med 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