{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:11:16Z","timestamp":1791825076765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neuroangiostrongyliasis (NAS) is an emerging parasitic infection caused by the neurotropic nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). It is the leading infectious etiology of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. In 2017, six men living on Hawai\u2018i Island developed NAS after drinking homemade kava. After the event, a dead slug, likely infected with\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was found at the bottom of a communal vessel. Neuroangiostrongyliasis was subsequently confirmed in three patients through polymerase chain reaction testing of their cerebrospinal fluid. Two patients were presumptively diagnosed with NAS on the basis of highly suggestive signs and symptoms, the presence of eosinophilic meningitis, and a shared history of exposure. A lumbar puncture was unsuccessful in one patient, who was presumptively diagnosed with NAS on the basis of his symptoms and shared exposure history. Five of six patients received at least 2 weeks of co-therapy with albendazole and corticosteroids, which was initiated within 15 days of infection. The treatment was well-tolerated, and no significant adverse events were noted. One patient who did not have health insurance completed only two doses of albendazole because of the cost of the drug and experienced symptom recurrence on several occasions. This rare, common-source outbreak of\n                    <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection supports the early use of albendazole\u2013corticosteroid co-therapy in proven or suspected cases of NAS. It also provides additional evidence for the water transmissibility of this parasite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1774969297000},"page":"930-936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Outbreak of Neuroangiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm Disease) in Hawai\u2018i: Evidence Supporting the Early Use of Albendazole\u2013Corticosteroid Co-Therapy"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Vernon","family":"Ansdell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai\u2018i;"},{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Department of Health, Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office, Pearl City, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Gosnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jourdan K. P.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnnie","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Permanente Medical Group, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Lteif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Bicakci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pakieli H.","family":"Kaufusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenton","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Taiwan no Ikai","first-page":"589","article-title":"First clinical case of Haemostrongylus ratti","volume":"3","author":"Nomura","year":"1945"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"589","article-title":"Memorandum on the first report of Angiostrongylus in man, by Nomura and Lin, 1945","volume":"13","author":"Beaver","year":"1964"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen","volume":"143","author":"Barratt","year":"2016"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis nematode invasion pathway, Mallorca, Spain","volume":"28","author":"Delgado-Serra","year":"2022"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Global spread of an emerging tropical disease","volume":"107","author":"Cowie","year":"2022"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2564","article-title":"Autochthonous Angiostrongylus cantonensis lungworms in urban rats, Valencia, Spain, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Gal\u00e1n-Puchades","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1833","article-title":"Detection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in rats and gastropods, Italy","volume":"31","author":"Pandian","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"427","article-title":"Mortality associated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in non-human primates in Europe","volume":"55","author":"Garijo-Toledo","year":"2025"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"748","article-title":"Reaching new lands: Updating the distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in South America with the first record in Argentina","volume":"71","author":"Hancke","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"857","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Rat lungworm invades Europe","volume":"108","author":"Paredes-Esquivel","year":"2023"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health","first-page":"70","article-title":"Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them","volume":"72","author":"Cowie","year":"2013"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"621","article-title":"Human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"921","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"24","author":"Punyagupta","year":"1975"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"221","article-title":"Chronic neuroangiostrongyliasis: Case study of chronic presentations in Hawaii","volume":"148","author":"Meyer","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Oceanic Linguistics","first-page":"493","article-title":"Potent roots and the origin of kava","volume":"41","author":"Lynch","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Q J Stud Alcohol","first-page":"328","article-title":"Secular use of kava in Tonga","volume":"28","author":"Lemert","year":"1967"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"CNS Drugs","first-page":"731","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2002"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"608","article-title":"Review of cases of angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii, 2007\u20132017","volume":"101","author":"Johnston","year":"2019"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"29","author":"Kuberski","year":"1979"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"114","author":"Re","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"176","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"94","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2016"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Pac Sci","first-page":"457","article-title":"Distribution of Parmarion cf. martensi (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae), a new semi-slug pest on Hawaii Island and its potential as a vector for human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"61","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health","first-page":"10","article-title":"Definitive, intermediate, paratenic, and accidental hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its molluscan intermediate hosts in Hawai\u2018i. Hawai\u2018i.","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2013"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0189458","article-title":"High prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) on eastern Hawai\u2018i Island: A closer look at life cycle traits and patterns of infection in wild rats (Rattus spp","volume":"12","author":"Jarvi","year":"2017"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: The \u201cSubarachnoid Phase\u201d and its implications for anthelminthic therapy","volume":"98","author":"Prociv","year":"2018"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Larvicidal effect of albendazole against Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice","volume":"39","author":"Hwang","year":"1988"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"39","article-title":"Possible role of water in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"50","author":"Cheng","year":"1964"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetable juice in southern Taiwan","volume":"71","author":"Tsai","year":"2004"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0209813","article-title":"Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2019"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"624","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated provisional guidelines for diagnosis and case definitions","volume":"12","author":"Graeff-Teixeira","year":"2023"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan","volume":"25","author":"Yii","year":"1976"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"802","article-title":"A 1-week course of corticosteroids in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"117","author":"Sawanyawisuth","year":"2004"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008937","article-title":"Meningitis patients with Angiostrongylus cantonensis may present without eosinophilia in the cerebrospinal fluid in northern Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1594","article-title":"AcanR3990 qPCR: A novel, highly sensitive, bioinformatically-informed assay to detect Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections","volume":"73","author":"Sears","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Medical Advisory: More Sensitive Laboratory Test Available to Diagnose Neuroangiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm Disease).","year":"2025"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol","first-page":"217","article-title":"Case series of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis from South India","volume":"9","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2006"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Brain Behav","first-page":"e01361","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical manifestations in cerebral angiostrongyliasis from Dali, China","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis and myelitis, Texas, USA","volume":"23","author":"Hammooud","year":"2017"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"240","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of anthelmintics on Angiostrongylus cantonensis L3 larvae","volume":"148","author":"Jacob","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"108355","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanism of action of albendazole on adult rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis)","volume":"242","author":"Jacob","year":"2022"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of albendazole and other benzimidazole anthelmintics for rat lungworm disease (neuroangiostrongyliasis): A systematic analysis of clinical reports and animal studies","volume":"74","author":"Jacob","year":"2022"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"660","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"31","author":"Chotmongkol","year":"2000"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"227","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated recommendations","volume":"148","author":"Ansdell","year":"2021"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Albendazole therapy for eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"100","author":"Jitpimolmard","year":"2007"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"23","article-title":"Management of rat lungworm disease (Neuroangiostrongyliasis) using anthelmintics: Recent updates and recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Jacob","year":"2022"},{"key":"b46","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm), Disease Outbreak Control Division.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Taiwan no Ikai","first-page":"589","article-title":"First clinical case of Haemostrongylus ratti","volume":"3","author":"Nomura","year":"1945"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"589","article-title":"Memorandum on the first report of Angiostrongylus in man, by Nomura and Lin, 1945","volume":"13","author":"Beaver","year":"1964"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen","volume":"143","author":"Barratt","year":"2016"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis nematode invasion pathway, Mallorca, Spain","volume":"28","author":"Delgado-Serra","year":"2022"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Global spread of an emerging tropical disease","volume":"107","author":"Cowie","year":"2022"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2564","article-title":"Autochthonous Angiostrongylus cantonensis lungworms in urban rats, Valencia, Spain, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Gal\u00e1n-Puchades","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1833","article-title":"Detection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in rats and gastropods, Italy","volume":"31","author":"Pandian","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"427","article-title":"Mortality associated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in non-human primates in Europe","volume":"55","author":"Garijo-Toledo","year":"2025"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"748","article-title":"Reaching new lands: Updating the distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in South America with the first record in Argentina","volume":"71","author":"Hancke","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"857","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Rat lungworm invades Europe","volume":"108","author":"Paredes-Esquivel","year":"2023"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health","first-page":"70","article-title":"Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them","volume":"72","author":"Cowie","year":"2013"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"621","article-title":"Human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"921","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"24","author":"Punyagupta","year":"1975"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"221","article-title":"Chronic neuroangiostrongyliasis: Case study of chronic presentations in Hawaii","volume":"148","author":"Meyer","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Oceanic Linguistics","first-page":"493","article-title":"Potent roots and the origin of kava","volume":"41","author":"Lynch","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Q J Stud Alcohol","first-page":"328","article-title":"Secular use of kava in Tonga","volume":"28","author":"Lemert","year":"1967"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"CNS Drugs","first-page":"731","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2002"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"608","article-title":"Review of cases of angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii, 2007\u20132017","volume":"101","author":"Johnston","year":"2019"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"29","author":"Kuberski","year":"1979"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"114","author":"Re","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"176","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"94","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2016"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Pac Sci","first-page":"457","article-title":"Distribution of Parmarion cf. martensi (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae), a new semi-slug pest on Hawaii Island and its potential as a vector for human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"61","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health","first-page":"10","article-title":"Definitive, intermediate, paratenic, and accidental hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its molluscan intermediate hosts in Hawai\u2018i. Hawai\u2018i.","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2013"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0189458","article-title":"High prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) on eastern Hawai\u2018i Island: A closer look at life cycle traits and patterns of infection in wild rats (Rattus spp","volume":"12","author":"Jarvi","year":"2017"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: The \u201cSubarachnoid Phase\u201d and its implications for anthelminthic therapy","volume":"98","author":"Prociv","year":"2018"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Larvicidal effect of albendazole against Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice","volume":"39","author":"Hwang","year":"1988"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"39","article-title":"Possible role of water in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"50","author":"Cheng","year":"1964"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetable juice in southern Taiwan","volume":"71","author":"Tsai","year":"2004"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0209813","article-title":"Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2019"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"624","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated provisional guidelines for diagnosis and case definitions","volume":"12","author":"Graeff-Teixeira","year":"2023"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan","volume":"25","author":"Yii","year":"1976"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"802","article-title":"A 1-week course of corticosteroids in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"117","author":"Sawanyawisuth","year":"2004"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008937","article-title":"Meningitis patients with Angiostrongylus cantonensis may present without eosinophilia in the cerebrospinal fluid in northern Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1594","article-title":"AcanR3990 qPCR: A novel, highly sensitive, bioinformatically-informed assay to detect Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections","volume":"73","author":"Sears","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Medical Advisory: More Sensitive Laboratory Test Available to Diagnose Neuroangiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm Disease).","year":"2025"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol","first-page":"217","article-title":"Case series of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis from South India","volume":"9","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2006"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Brain Behav","first-page":"e01361","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical manifestations in cerebral angiostrongyliasis from Dali, China","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis and myelitis, Texas, USA","volume":"23","author":"Hammooud","year":"2017"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"240","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of anthelmintics on Angiostrongylus cantonensis L3 larvae","volume":"148","author":"Jacob","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"108355","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanism of action of albendazole on adult rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis)","volume":"242","author":"Jacob","year":"2022"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of albendazole and other benzimidazole anthelmintics for rat lungworm disease (neuroangiostrongyliasis): A systematic analysis of clinical reports and animal studies","volume":"74","author":"Jacob","year":"2022"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"660","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis","volume":"31","author":"Chotmongkol","year":"2000"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"227","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated recommendations","volume":"148","author":"Ansdell","year":"2021"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Albendazole therapy for eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus 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