{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:53:07Z","timestamp":1782924787347,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dengue virus (DENV) is an expanding global health threat, yet its ecological and entomological drivers remain poorly defined in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, recurrent outbreaks along the coastal region contrast sharply with the persistent absence of outbreaks in ecologically suitable western Kenya. Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of vector populations, viral circulation, and ecological context is essential for identifying under-recognized determinants of dengue emergence. We conducted a comparative entomological and virological survey across outbreak-prone coastal Kenya and the low-outbreak but dengue-reporting region of western Kenya. Mosquito community composition and blood-feeding patterns were quantified.\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations were genetically profiled using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes. Although proportional\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance was lower along the coast, three insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV)-positive mosquitoes\u2014including two males\u2014were detected in this region, indicating localized circulation and probable vertical transmission. No DENV-positive mosquitoes were detected in either region despite higher adult\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance in western Kenya. COI haplotyping revealed a shallow but structured mosaic of maternal lineages among the sampled Kenyan regions, with private coastal haplotypes and elevated diversity in Busia, suggesting distinct evolutionary histories and limited but ongoing gene flow. Kenyan ISFVs clustered within a globally distributed\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013associated lineage. The exclusive detection of ISFVs during peak mosquito activity underscores the complexity of Kenya\u2019s vector\u2013virus ecology and highlights the ability of coastal\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    to sustain vertically transmitted viruses. These findings support the need for region-specific, ecology-informed surveillance frameworks integrating vector genetics, virome composition, and environmental context to better anticipate dengue emergence in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:24:26Z","timestamp":1779974666000},"page":"91-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional Structuring of Aedes Aegypti Maternal Lineages and Detection of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Antwi B.","family":"Kwasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay P.","family":"Chelikani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Sifuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia K.","family":"Kiio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mutisya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Mulwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Owaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Lutomiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Ogugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, State University of New York Albany, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Med (Lond)","first-page":"9","article-title":"Dengue infection: Global importance, immunopathology and management","volume":"22","author":"Kularatne","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect","first-page":"227","article-title":"Generation and characterization of genetically and antigenically diverse infectious clones of dengue virus serotypes 1-4","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Dengue and Severe Dengue.","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7446","key":"b4","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"504","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"233","article-title":"Uncovering the burden of dengue in Africa: Considerations on magnitude, misdiagnosis, and ancestry","volume":"14","author":"Gainor","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004981","article-title":"Dengue outbreak in Mombasa City, Kenya, 2013\u20132014: Entomologic investigations","volume":"10","author":"Lutomiah","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0000122","article-title":"March 2019 dengue fever outbreak at the Kenyan south coast involving dengue virus serotype 3, genotypes III and V","volume":"2","author":"Muthanje","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"781","article-title":"Epidemic dengue fever caused by dengue type 2 virus in Kenya: Preliminary results of human virological and serological studies","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"1982"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"medRxiv.","article-title":"Genomic investigation reveals long-term local and regional circulation of dengue virus associated with recent outbreaks in Kenya","author":"Langat","year":"2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0001799","article-title":"The interactive roles of Aedes aegypti super-production and human density in dengue transmission","volume":"6","author":"Padmanabha","year":"2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"b11","series-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)","first-page":"685","article-title":"Mosquito species identity matters: Unraveling the complex interplay in vector-borne diseases","volume":"56","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012196","article-title":"The potential impacts of vector host species fidelity on zoonotic arbovirus transmission","volume":"19","author":"Sulaimon","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"b13","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus","volume":"5","author":"Ciota","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Insects","first-page":"34","article-title":"The interspecific competition between larvae of Aedes aegypti and major African malaria vectors in a semi-field system in Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Lushasi","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"111","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of Aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue viruses: Towards a new paradigm?","volume":"27","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2011"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyrethroid 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implications","volume":"90","author":"Pollett","year":"2021"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"IJID Reg","first-page":"100737","article-title":"Correlation and epidemiologic distribution of emerging coinfections of Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus among febrile children in malaria-endemic zones in western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Ogony","year":"2025"},{"issue":"73","key":"b29","series-title":"Pan Afr Med J","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Anti-Dengue Virus 2 Serocomplex Antibodies in out-patients with fever visiting selected hospitals in rural parts of Western Kenya in 2010-2011: A cross sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Awando","year":"2013"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"104","article-title":"Seroprevalence of yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and chikungunya viruses in children in Teso South Sub-County, Western Kenya","volume":"91","author":"Inziani","year":"2020"},{"key":"b31","author":"Gillies","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5","key":"b32","series-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994"},{"issue":"10","key":"b33","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"2731","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"J Mol Biol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Phylogeny of the genus 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Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Chiuya","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"b49","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"331","article-title":"Characterization and productivity profiles of Aedes aegypti (L.) breeding habitats across rural and urban landscapes in western and coastal Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Ngugi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"b50","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0013041","article-title":"Population genetic analysis of Aedes aegypti reveals evidence of emerging admixture populations in coastal Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Mulwa","year":"2025"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"873","article-title":"Mosquito-specific viruses\u2014Transmission and interaction","volume":"11","author":"Agboli","year":"2019"},{"issue":"8","key":"b52","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"002017","article-title":"Eilat virus (EILV) causes superinfection exclusion against West Nile virus (WNV) in a strain-specific manner in Culex 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Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Kamau","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"b64","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"505","article-title":"Temporal variation and human host predominance in Aedes aegypti from coastal and western Kenya: Insights from pooled blood meal metagenomics","volume":"14","author":"Mwendwa","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"b65","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009182","article-title":"Impact of recent climate extremes on mosquito-borne disease transmission in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Nosrat","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"b66","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005341","article-title":"Distribution and abundance of key vectors of 67. Rift Valley fever and other arboviruses in two ecologically distinct counties in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Sang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"b67","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0128112","article-title":"Landscape effects on the presence, abundance and diversity of mosquitoes in Mediterranean wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Roiz","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"b68","series-title":"PLoS Biol","first-page":"e3002342","article-title":"Eggs of the mosquito Aedes aegypti survive desiccation by rewiring their polyamine and lipid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Prasad","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Med (Lond)","first-page":"9","article-title":"Dengue infection: Global importance, immunopathology and management","volume":"22","author":"Kularatne","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect","first-page":"227","article-title":"Generation and characterization of genetically and antigenically diverse 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