{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1788355243114,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Annually, there are 5.57 to 9.23 million typhoid fever cases and 46,200 to 163,000 associated deaths, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. High incidence is estimated in the Southeast Asian, African, and Eastern Mediterranean (EMR) regions of the WHO. We reviewed EMR typhoid surveillance and vaccination recommendations to inform regional prevention and control efforts. Separate surveys were sent to surveillance and immunization officers in all 21 EMR countries and the occupied Palestinian territory, with 17 surveys (77%) and 13 surveys (59%) completed, respectively. Fifteen countries routinely collected typhoid surveillance data. Eleven countries (73%) used standard case definitions. Nine countries (53%) implemented health facility-based surveillance with laboratory confirmation. Five countries (33%) primarily used blood culture (the gold standard). Seven countries performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and two countries recommended typhoid vaccination. Strengthening typhoid and antimicrobial resistance surveillance is important to monitor burden and resistance trends and inform typhoid prevention and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:17:31Z","timestamp":1783444651000},"page":"448-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Typhoid Fever Surveillance and Vaccination Recommendations: WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2021"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Yesser","family":"Sebeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant to the CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Longley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tayyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandini","family":"Sreenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmira","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Buliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Breakwell Nagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"214","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018\u2013recommendations","volume":"37","year":"2019"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"Typhoid Fever\u2013Level 4 Cause.","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e406","article-title":"Estimating the subnational prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella 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Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project","volume":"10","author":"Garrett","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol","first-page":"626","article-title":"The problem of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains in daily clinical practice in dealing with typhoid fever in the Mid-Euphrates region of Iraq: A cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Dibby","year":"2020"},{"issue":"20","key":"b10","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"618","article-title":"Update on extensively drug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections among travelers to or from Pakistan and report of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections among travelers to Iraq\u2014United States, 2018\u20132019","volume":"69","author":"Fran\u00e7ois Watkins","year":"2020"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"JMP Global Database.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"Water Resour Res","first-page":"W06506","article-title":"Impact of climate change on the water resources of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region: Modeled 21st century changes and implications","volume":"47","author":"Chenoweth","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","article-title":"Pakistan Migration Report 2022.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Movements In and Out of Afghanistan.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"b15","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"e578","article-title":"Estimating typhoid incidence from community-based serosurveys: A multicohort study","volume":"3","author":"Aiemjoy","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10425","key":"b16","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"459","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: Final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children","volume":"403","author":"Patel","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e1154","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in an extensively drug-resistant outbreak setting of Hyderabad, Pakistan: A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10301","key":"b18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"675","article-title":"Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: A cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Qadri","year":"2021"},{"key":"b19","article-title":"Eligibility for Gavi Support.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"39","key":"b20","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"855","article-title":"Typhoid fever surveillance and vaccine use\u2014South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 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Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/3\/article-p448.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/3\/article-p448.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/3\/article-p448.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:54:13Z","timestamp":1788353653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/3\/article-p448.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0731","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}