{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:09:52Z","timestamp":1780499392571,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Children with sickle cell trait (HbAS) are protected against severe and symptomatic\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) malaria. Although several within-host resistance mechanisms have been investigated, it is unknown whether this protection is attributable in part to reduced exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites via mosquito bites. In a 15-month cohort in Western Kenya, mosquito blood meals were matched to human hosts on the basis of short tandem repeat genotypes to determine individual mosquito biting rates. Using a multilevel multivariable model, mosquito biting behavior was assessed with respect to human \u03b2-globin genotypes, and no significant difference in biting rate was observed between individuals with wild-type (HbAA) and HbAS genotypes (biting rate ratio: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.77). These findings suggest that protection against malaria conferred by the sickle cell trait is unlikely to be attributable to reduced exposure to infectious mosquito bites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:11:15Z","timestamp":1775581875000},"page":"1109-1113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sickle Trait Hemoglobin Does Not Influence Anopheles Biting Rates"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Markwalter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmah","family":"Kimachas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erastus","family":"Kirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kipkoech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"},{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kahindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zay Yar","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith N.","family":"Mangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Obala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy Prudhomme","family":"O\u2019Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"457","article-title":"Haemoglobinopathies and the clinical epidemiology of malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e128","article-title":"An immune basis for malaria protection by the sickle cell trait","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3808","article-title":"Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait","volume":"119","author":"Gong","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3364","article-title":"Enhanced phagocytosis of ring-parasitized mutant erythrocytes: A common mechanism that may explain protection against falciparum malaria in sickle trait and beta-thalassemia trait","volume":"104","author":"Ayi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"991","article-title":"Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin","volume":"105","author":"Cholera","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1009659","article-title":"Sickle-trait hemoglobin reduces adhesion to both CD36 and EPCR by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"591","article-title":"\u00c0 la carte: How mosquitoes choose their blood meals","volume":"40","author":"Blanken","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"165","article-title":"Selective feeding of Anopheles gambiae according to ABO blood group status","volume":"239","author":"Wood","year":"1972"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Human Biol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Preferential feeding of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on human subjects of blood group O: A relationship between the ABO polymorphism and malaria vectors","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"1974"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"118","article-title":"Preferential feeding success of laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes according to ABO blood group status","volume":"140","author":"Anjomruz","year":"2014"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"328","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum 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Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"JOSS","first-page":"1686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"ggpubr: \u201cggplot2\u201d Based Publication Ready Plots.","author":"Kassambara","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"R J","first-page":"378","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","article-title":"broom.mixed: Tidying Methods for Mixed Models.","author":"Bolker","year":"2022"},{"key":"b21","article-title":"DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics.","author":"Signorell","year":"2023"},{"key":"b22","article-title":"modelr: Modelling Functions that Work with the Pipe.","author":"Wickham","year":"2023"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"651","article-title":"Effects of human blood group, sweating and other 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falciparum on infectivity to anophelines","volume":"54","author":"Robert","year":"1996"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"317","article-title":"Influence of the sickle cell trait on Plasmodium falciparum infectivity from naturally infected gametocyte carriers","volume":"23","author":"Ngou","year":"2023"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS Biol","first-page":"e298","article-title":"Malaria infection increases attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"Lacroix","year":"2005"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"457","article-title":"Haemoglobinopathies and the clinical epidemiology of malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e128","article-title":"An immune basis for malaria protection by the sickle cell trait","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3808","article-title":"Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait","volume":"119","author":"Gong","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3364","article-title":"Enhanced phagocytosis of ring-parasitized mutant erythrocytes: A common mechanism that may explain protection against falciparum malaria in sickle trait and beta-thalassemia trait","volume":"104","author":"Ayi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"991","article-title":"Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin","volume":"105","author":"Cholera","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1009659","article-title":"Sickle-trait hemoglobin reduces adhesion to both CD36 and EPCR by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"591","article-title":"\u00c0 la carte: How mosquitoes choose their blood meals","volume":"40","author":"Blanken","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"165","article-title":"Selective feeding of Anopheles gambiae according to ABO blood group status","volume":"239","author":"Wood","year":"1972"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Human Biol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Preferential feeding of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on human subjects of blood group O: A relationship between the ABO polymorphism and malaria vectors","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"1974"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"118","article-title":"Preferential feeding success of laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes according to ABO blood group status","volume":"140","author":"Anjomruz","year":"2014"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"328","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"42","author":"Gouagna","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4626","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans and mosquitoes influence natural Anopheline biting behavior and transmission","volume":"15","author":"Markwalter","year":"2024"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"909","article-title":"Genotyping cognate Plasmodium falciparum in humans and mosquitoes to estimate onward transmission of asymptomatic infections","volume":"12","author":"Sumner","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Method Ecol Evol","first-page":"308","article-title":"bistro: An R package for vector bloodmeal identification by short tandem repeat 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incident infections is associated with duration of infection and human host factors","volume":"13","author":"Andolina","year":"2023"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"111","article-title":"Effect of the sickle cell trait status of gametocyte carriers of Plasmodium falciparum on infectivity to anophelines","volume":"54","author":"Robert","year":"1996"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"317","article-title":"Influence of the sickle cell trait on Plasmodium falciparum infectivity from naturally infected gametocyte carriers","volume":"23","author":"Ngou","year":"2023"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS Biol","first-page":"e298","article-title":"Malaria infection increases attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"Lacroix","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1109.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:16:10Z","timestamp":1780496170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/6\/article-p1109.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0758","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}