{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:54:35Z","timestamp":1782924875941,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Japanese encephalitis (JE) continues to pose a major public health threat in northeast India, particularly in Assam, where recurring outbreaks highlight the need for strengthened vector surveillance. In May 2025, after JE infection was confirmed in pigs in Kamrup District, an entomological investigation was conducted to assess mosquito vector abundance and detect circulating Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Adult mosquitoes and larvae were collected from JE-affected and high-risk areas, and the standard WHO method was used to calculate mosquito density, which was 143 per-man-hour density. A total of 858 mosquitoes were collected, of which 521 (60.7%) were adult female\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.\n                    <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the predominant species followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex gelidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Twenty mosquito pools were tested for JEV using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>C-prM<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene; three pools of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    tested positive, corresponding to a minimum infection rate of 5.75. Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed all positive samples as genotype I (GI), showing high similarity to globally circulating GI strains. Spatial mapping revealed that JEV-positive pools were clustered within 2 kilometers of the index site, mainly around pig farms, wetlands, and paddy fields. This investigation provides the first molecular evidence of JEV GI circulating in mosquito populations in Assam. The detection of GI in the primary vector confirms its circulation in Assam and highlights the need for continued molecular surveillance. These findings underline the urgent need for integrated vector surveillance, targeted control measures, and One Health-based monitoring in Assam.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:28:14Z","timestamp":1779200894000},"page":"114-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Molecular Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype I in Culex Mosquitoes from Assam, Northeast India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Surendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Kamrup, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irrusappan","family":"Hari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prajwal","family":"Gaikwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema Rani","family":"Pegu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Kamrup, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lokesha","family":"E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Kamrup, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Kamrup, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e437","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis\u2014A pathological and clinical 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Singapore","volume":"103","author":"Yap","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Mosquito vector competence for Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"13","author":"Auerswald","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"405","article-title":"Neurological aspects of tropical disease Japanese encephalitis","volume":"68","author":"Solomon","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"b8","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e0164425","article-title":"The hidden threats posed by Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1762","article-title":"Change in Japanese encephalitis virus distribution, Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Nitatpattana","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"b10","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"885","article-title":"Molecular 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Part II: Methods and Techniques.","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma","author":"Barraud","year":"1934"},{"issue":"2","key":"b27","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"219","article-title":"Temporal changes of Japanese encephalitits virus in different brain regions of rat","volume":"138","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013"},{"issue":"W1","key":"b28","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","first-page":"W232","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016"},{"issue":"W1","key":"b29","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","first-page":"W78","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: Recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"288","article-title":"Long-term study of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Anopheles subpictus in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India","volume":"11","author":"Thenmozhi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"119","article-title":"MEGALIGN. The multiple alignment module of LASERGENE","volume":"70","author":"Clewley","year":"1997"},{"issue":"8","key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2411","article-title":"Phylogeography of Japanese encephalitis virus: Genotype is associated with climate","volume":"7","author":"Schuh","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"b33","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"357","article-title":"Potential role of birds in Iapanese encephalitis virus zoonotic transmission and genotype shift","volume":"13","author":"Hameed","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"b34","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"804","article-title":"Temporal variations in biting density and rhythm of Culex quinquefasciatus in tea agro-ecosystem of Assam, India","volume":"30","author":"Mahanta","year":"1999"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"India J Entomol Nematol","first-page":"42","article-title":"Mosquito vector survey in Guwahati city of Assam","volume":"6","author":"Kalita","year":"2014"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"449","article-title":"Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V in the Republic of Korea","volume":"8","author":"Takhampunya","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007046","article-title":"Differential replication efficiencies between Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III in avian cultured cells and young domestic ducklings","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2018"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"1302101","article-title":"Shift in dominant genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus and its impact on current vaccination strategies","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"b39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Occurrence of Japanese encephalitis virus mosquito vectors in relation to urban pig holdings","volume":"87","author":"Lindahl","year":"2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"b40","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0139648","article-title":"Correction: Japanese encephalitis in Assam, India: Need to increase healthcare workers\u2019 understanding to improve health care","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e437","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis\u2014A pathological and clinical perspective","volume":"3","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Erlanger","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2208","article-title":"Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology","volume":"7","author":"Le Flohic","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012510","article-title":"A scoping review of evidence of naturally occurring Japanese encephalitis infection in vertebrate animals other than humans, ardeid birds and pigs","volume":"18","author":"Levesque","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in culex mosquitoes in Singapore","volume":"103","author":"Yap","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Mosquito vector competence for Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"13","author":"Auerswald","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"405","article-title":"Neurological aspects of tropical disease Japanese encephalitis","volume":"68","author":"Solomon","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"b8","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e0164425","article-title":"The hidden threats posed by Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1762","article-title":"Change in Japanese encephalitis virus distribution, Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Nitatpattana","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"b10","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"885","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus in China","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res","first-page":"102","article-title":"Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3 in horses immunized with a genotype 3 vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Viral encephalitis in southeast Asia","volume":"2","author":"Solomon","year":"1997"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"102189","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig populations of Tamil Nadu, India: Exploring the tropical endemic link of virus","volume":"110","author":"Dhanalakshmi","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"291","article-title":"Mosquito abundance and pig seropositivity as a correlate of Japanese encephalitis in human population in Assam, India","volume":"55","author":"Baruah","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"Vaccines (Basel)","first-page":"150","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III strains detection and genome sequencing from Indian pig and mosquito vector","volume":"11","author":"Pegu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"337","article-title":"A special insight on the causal agents and mode of occurrence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) infections in rural regions of Assam, India","volume":"72","author":"Talukdar","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"319","article-title":"Introduction of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I, India","volume":"17","author":"Fulmali","year":"2011"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"271","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III infection associated with acute encephalitis in patients of West Bengal, India, 2010","volume":"9","author":"Sarkar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"104325","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India","volume":"83","author":"Datey","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother","first-page":"834","article-title":"Impact of SA 14-14-2 vaccination on the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in India","volume":"15","author":"Muniaraj","year":"2019"},{"issue":"19","key":"b21","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"9847","article-title":"Emergence of genotype I of Japanese encephalitis virus as the dominant genotype in Asia","volume":"85","author":"Pan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"54","author":"van den Hurk","year":"2009"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1787655","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I from pig provides evidence for the presence of the virus in nasal secretion and co-circulation of JEV genotypes in Assam, India","volume":"16","author":"Chethan Kumar","year":"2026"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"654","article-title":"Mosquito blood feeding patterns as a factor in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in southern India","volume":"46","author":"Reuben","year":"1992"},{"key":"b25","article-title":"Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II: Methods and Techniques.","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma","author":"Barraud","year":"1934"},{"issue":"2","key":"b27","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"219","article-title":"Temporal changes of Japanese encephalitits virus in different brain regions of rat","volume":"138","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013"},{"issue":"W1","key":"b28","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","first-page":"W232","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016"},{"issue":"W1","key":"b29","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","first-page":"W78","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: Recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"288","article-title":"Long-term study of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Anopheles subpictus in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India","volume":"11","author":"Thenmozhi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"119","article-title":"MEGALIGN. 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