{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:54:20Z","timestamp":1782924860360,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Trachoma remains endemic in Sudan. A 2009 baseline survey in Al Rahad locality revealed a trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence of 7.1%, prompting azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA). After three MDA rounds (2015\u20132017), a trachoma impact survey was conducted in 2017. This study\u2019s aim was to estimate the prevalence of clinical signs and ocular\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection identified with DNA testing. A cross-sectional, cluster-random sampling design was used, and certified graders assessed participants for clinical signs and swabbed children for\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The TF prevalence was 6.3% (95% CI: 4.0\u201310.0), and\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI: 0.2\u20133.1).\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was clustered centrally in the locality within communities with high TF prevalence. Despite MDA interventions, TF remained above the established 5% elimination threshold, and\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was observed. Complementary indicators, such as\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, should be considered in trachoma programs as they aid in better understanding trachoma endemicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1777988105000},"page":"40-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trachoma Prevalence in Al Rahad Locality, Sudan: Evaluating Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Prevalence as a Complementary Programmatic Indicator"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Ackah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balgesa E.","family":"Elshafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Lavinia","family":"Brair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania A.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Rivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Van Der Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Kelly","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelia M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1027","article-title":"The prevalence of blinding trachoma in northern states of Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007491","article-title":"Prevalence of trachoma within refugee camps serving South Sudanese refugees in White Nile State, Sudan: Results from population-based surveys","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"2019"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"49","article-title":"Serological responses to trachoma antigens prior to the start of mass drug administration: Results from population-based baseline surveys, North Darfur, Sudan","volume":"111","author":"Sanders","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol","first-page":"381","article-title":"The epidemiology of trachoma in Darfur states and Khartoum state, Sudan: Results of 32 population-based prevalence surveys","volume":"23","author":"Elshafie","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in seven localities in the Republic of Sudan: Results from population-based surveys","volume":"101","author":"Sanders","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol","first-page":"571","article-title":"Trachoma prevalence in four localities of Darfur region, Sudan, following one round of antibiotic mass drug administration","volume":"30","author":"Elshafie","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005080","article-title":"The relationship between active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection before and after mass antibiotic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection under the surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement strategy in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Nash","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparison of analytical performances of the Roche Cobas 6800 CT\/NG assay with the Abbott m2000 Real Time CT\/NG assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"68","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Summary Proceedings: Fourteenth Annual Trachoma Program Review.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7432","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-like organisms on the ocular surface of children and adults from a trachoma-endemic region","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009655","article-title":"Comparison of genovars and Chlamydia trachomatis infection loads in ocular samples from children in two distinct cohorts in Sudan and Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"101","article-title":"Optimizing cluster survey designs for estimating trachomatous inflammation-follicular within trachoma control programs","volume":"116","author":"Gallini","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Informal Consultation on End-Game Challenges for Trachoma Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, United States of America, 7\u20139 December 2021.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"533","article-title":"DjinniChip: Evaluation of a novel molecular rapid diagnostic device for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma-endemic areas","volume":"13","author":"Derrick","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1027","article-title":"The prevalence of blinding trachoma in northern states of Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007491","article-title":"Prevalence of trachoma within refugee camps serving South Sudanese refugees in White Nile State, Sudan: Results from population-based surveys","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"2019"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"49","article-title":"Serological responses to trachoma antigens prior to the start of mass drug administration: Results from population-based baseline surveys, North Darfur, Sudan","volume":"111","author":"Sanders","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol","first-page":"381","article-title":"The epidemiology of trachoma in Darfur states and Khartoum state, Sudan: Results of 32 population-based prevalence surveys","volume":"23","author":"Elshafie","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in seven localities in the Republic of Sudan: Results from population-based surveys","volume":"101","author":"Sanders","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol","first-page":"571","article-title":"Trachoma prevalence in four localities of Darfur region, Sudan, following one round of antibiotic mass drug administration","volume":"30","author":"Elshafie","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005080","article-title":"The relationship between active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection before and after mass antibiotic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection under the surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement strategy in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Nash","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparison of analytical performances of the Roche Cobas 6800 CT\/NG assay with the Abbott m2000 Real Time CT\/NG assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"68","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","article-title":"Summary Proceedings: Fourteenth Annual Trachoma Program Review.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7432","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-like organisms on the ocular surface of children and adults from a trachoma-endemic region","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009655","article-title":"Comparison of genovars and Chlamydia trachomatis infection loads in ocular samples from children in two distinct cohorts in Sudan and Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"101","article-title":"Optimizing cluster survey designs for estimating trachomatous inflammation-follicular within trachoma control programs","volume":"116","author":"Gallini","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Informal Consultation on End-Game Challenges for Trachoma Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, United States of America, 7\u20139 December 2021.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"533","article-title":"DjinniChip: Evaluation of a novel molecular rapid diagnostic device for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma-endemic areas","volume":"13","author":"Derrick","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p40.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p40.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p40.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:16:12Z","timestamp":1782922572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p40.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}