{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:54:40Z","timestamp":1782924880871,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strongyloidiasis impacts millions of people on several continents. Although chronic infection is often subclinical, select forms of immune dysregulation predispose patients to severe clinical manifestations resulting from acceleration of the nematode\u2019s autoinfective cycle. The terms \u201chyperinfection syndrome\u201d and \u201cdisseminated strongyloidiasis\u201d commonly refer to these disease states; however, contemporary usage is not uniform. We herein review the origins of terms related to the nosology of strongyloidiasis and highlight important mechanisms of disease pathogenesis that make untreated strongyloidiasis highly relevant to contemporary medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:35:02Z","timestamp":1777988102000},"page":"19-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Words and Worms: The Nosology of Strongyloidiasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Radcliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"468","article-title":"The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"e0003323","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis: Complexities and pathways forward","volume":"36","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"208","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population","volume":"17","author":"Keiser","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"345","article-title":"Dysregulation of strongyloidiasis: A new hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Genta","year":"1992"},{"issue":"10","key":"b5","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"880","article-title":"Prevalence of immunosuppression among US adults","volume":"331","author":"Martinson","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Strongyloidiasis: A Major Roundworm Infection of Man","first-page":"1","author":"Grove","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Parasites: Articles Contributed to Wood\u2019s Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences","author":"Ward","year":"1904"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Arch de M\u00e9d Exp\u00e9r et D\u2019anat Path","first-page":"675","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019anguillule stercorale: De la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration dans le sang des embryons de l\u2019anguillule stercorale","volume":"7","author":"Teissier","year":"1895"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"561","article-title":"A case of Strongyloides intestinalis with larvae in the sputum","volume":"VII","author":"Gage","year":"1911"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Arc f Schiffs- u Tropenhyg","first-page":"721","article-title":"Hautquaddeln und \u201cautoinfektion\u201d bei Strongyloides-Tr\u00e4gern","volume":"30","author":"F\u00fclleborn","year":"1926"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Path","first-page":"1","article-title":"A fatal case of strongyloidiasis in man, with autopsy","volume":"8","author":"Oph\u00fcls","year":"1929"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol and Med","first-page":"253","article-title":"The Panama strains of human Strongyloides.","volume":"28","author":"Faust","year":"1930"},{"issue":"16","key":"b13","series-title":"J Philipp Islands Med Assoc","first-page":"275","article-title":"A fatal case of paralytic ileus associated with severe Strongyloides infestation suggesting internal autoinfection","author":"Nolasco","year":"1936"},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"359","article-title":"Internal autoinfection in human strongyloidiasis","volume":"s1-20","author":"Faust","year":"1940"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis","volume":"29","author":"Kyle","year":"1948"},{"issue":"12","key":"b16","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"1648","article-title":"An overwhelming strongyloides infection","volume":"168","author":"Brown","year":"1958"},{"issue":"8","key":"b17","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"685","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis and malignant lymphoma. \u201cOpportunistic infection\u201d by a nematode","volume":"195","author":"Rogers","year":"1966"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"451","article-title":"Thiabendazole in massive strongyloidiasis","volume":"16","author":"Cahill","year":"1967"},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"199","article-title":"Hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis.","volume":"72","author":"Rivera","year":"1970"},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"832","article-title":"Disseminated strongyloidiasis with cerebral involvement. A complication of corticosteroid therapy","volume":"55","author":"Neefe","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"387","article-title":"Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis. A complication of immunosuppression","volume":"231","author":"Liepman","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep","first-page":"12","article-title":"CATMAT statement on disseminated strongyloidiasis: Prevention, assessment and management guidelines","volume":"42","author":"Boggild","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Transplant","first-page":"e13618","article-title":"Intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides, schistosomiasis, and Echinococcus: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"La Hoz","year":"2019"},{"issue":"14","key":"b24","series-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Strongyloidiasis and the complications in its treatment","volume":"23","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"822","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome presenting as severe, recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to a diagnosis of Cushing disease","volume":"93","author":"Yee","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"2178","article-title":"Strongyloides superinfection after liver transplantation","volume":"66","author":"Ofosu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"f4610","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"347","author":"Greaves","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"458","article-title":"Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis.","volume":"25","author":"Mejia","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"468","article-title":"The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"e0003323","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis: Complexities and pathways forward","volume":"36","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"208","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population","volume":"17","author":"Keiser","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"345","article-title":"Dysregulation of strongyloidiasis: A new hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Genta","year":"1992"},{"issue":"10","key":"b5","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"880","article-title":"Prevalence of immunosuppression among US adults","volume":"331","author":"Martinson","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Strongyloidiasis: A Major Roundworm Infection of Man","first-page":"1","author":"Grove","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Parasites: Articles Contributed to Wood\u2019s Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences","author":"Ward","year":"1904"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Arch de M\u00e9d Exp\u00e9r et D\u2019anat Path","first-page":"675","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019anguillule stercorale: De la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration dans le sang des embryons de l\u2019anguillule stercorale","volume":"7","author":"Teissier","year":"1895"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"561","article-title":"A case of Strongyloides intestinalis with larvae in the sputum","volume":"VII","author":"Gage","year":"1911"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Arc f Schiffs- u Tropenhyg","first-page":"721","article-title":"Hautquaddeln und \u201cautoinfektion\u201d bei Strongyloides-Tr\u00e4gern","volume":"30","author":"F\u00fclleborn","year":"1926"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Path","first-page":"1","article-title":"A fatal case of strongyloidiasis in man, with autopsy","volume":"8","author":"Oph\u00fcls","year":"1929"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol and Med","first-page":"253","article-title":"The Panama strains of human Strongyloides.","volume":"28","author":"Faust","year":"1930"},{"issue":"16","key":"b13","series-title":"J Philipp Islands Med Assoc","first-page":"275","article-title":"A fatal case of paralytic ileus associated with severe Strongyloides infestation suggesting internal autoinfection","author":"Nolasco","year":"1936"},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"359","article-title":"Internal autoinfection in human strongyloidiasis","volume":"s1-20","author":"Faust","year":"1940"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis","volume":"29","author":"Kyle","year":"1948"},{"issue":"12","key":"b16","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"1648","article-title":"An overwhelming strongyloides infection","volume":"168","author":"Brown","year":"1958"},{"issue":"8","key":"b17","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"685","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis and malignant lymphoma. \u201cOpportunistic infection\u201d by a nematode","volume":"195","author":"Rogers","year":"1966"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"451","article-title":"Thiabendazole in massive strongyloidiasis","volume":"16","author":"Cahill","year":"1967"},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"199","article-title":"Hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis.","volume":"72","author":"Rivera","year":"1970"},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"832","article-title":"Disseminated strongyloidiasis with cerebral involvement. A complication of corticosteroid therapy","volume":"55","author":"Neefe","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"387","article-title":"Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis. A complication of immunosuppression","volume":"231","author":"Liepman","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep","first-page":"12","article-title":"CATMAT statement on disseminated strongyloidiasis: Prevention, assessment and management guidelines","volume":"42","author":"Boggild","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Transplant","first-page":"e13618","article-title":"Intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides, schistosomiasis, and Echinococcus: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"La Hoz","year":"2019"},{"issue":"14","key":"b24","series-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Strongyloidiasis and the complications in its treatment","volume":"23","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"822","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome presenting as severe, recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to a diagnosis of Cushing disease","volume":"93","author":"Yee","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"2178","article-title":"Strongyloides superinfection after liver transplantation","volume":"66","author":"Ofosu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"f4610","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"347","author":"Greaves","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"458","article-title":"Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis.","volume":"25","author":"Mejia","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p19.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p19.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p19.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:14:29Z","timestamp":1782922469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/1\/article-p19.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}