{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:09:15Z","timestamp":1788880155121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Many individuals living with HIV experience persistent inflammation despite antiretroviral treatment, increasing their risk for cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, and other noncommunicable diseases. Carotenoids can inhibit this inflammation by reducing lipid peroxidation. Carotenoid intake and plasma concentrations can be approximated using a noninvasive cutaneous spectrophotometer. This study quantified skin carotenoid levels in Tanzanian children ages 5 to 15 years old (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 185) both with and without HIV. Over 95% had low to moderate skin carotenoid scores (&lt;400 units). In children living with HIV, higher viral loads were linked to lower skin carotenoid scores (rho = \u22120.57,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), whereas higher CD4 counts correlated with increased skin carotenoid scores (rho = 0.52,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). Overall, carotenoid levels were low and associated with immune status, suggesting that elevated carotenoid scores correlate with lower inflammation in children living with HIV. Future studies investigating dietary carotenoid interventions to support immune function are warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:37:30Z","timestamp":1788878250000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skin Carotenoid Scores Reflect Immune Status among Children Living with HIV in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","author":[{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Mbuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research\u2013Mbeya Medical Research Center (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thobias","family":"Boniphace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Mbeya, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mwagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Agrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research\u2013Mbeya Medical Research Center (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazareth M.","family":"Mbilinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"DiNardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research\u2013Mbeya Medical Research Center (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Mbeya, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofad500.197","article-title":"2958. Investigating the mechanisms of persistent inflammation and the association with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), Tuberculosis (TB) recurrence, and other infections","volume":"10","author":"Carrero Longlax","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep","first-page":"93","article-title":"Inflammation, immune activation, and antiretroviral therapy in HIV","volume":"14","author":"Hileman","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"b3","series-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"BMC Nutr","first-page":"11","article-title":"Daily intake of a lycopene-rich juice is associated with reductions in inflammatory markers but not increases in skin carotenoids in a pilot study among participants with obesity","volume":"12","author":"Jilcott Pitts","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"1052","article-title":"A 4-wk intervention with high intake of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruit reduces plasma C-reactive protein in healthy, nonsmoking men","volume":"82","author":"Watzl","year":"2005"},{"issue":"14","key":"b6","series-title":"Food Funct","first-page":"5850","article-title":"Astaxanthin supplement improves clinical outcomes, quality of life, and inflammatory factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Grigorian","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)","first-page":"795","article-title":"Carotenoids: Dietary sources, extraction, encapsulation, bioavailability, and health benefits\u2014A review of recent advancements","volume":"11","author":"Saini","year":"2022"},{"issue":"03","key":"b8","series-title":"J Tuberc Res","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Non-enzymatic antioxidant and level of oxidative stress of tuberculosis patients in selected treatment center in Addis Ababa Ethiopia","volume":"03","author":"Gebretsadik","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Elife","first-page":"RP106814","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and type I interferon coupling fuels pathogenic macrophage activation causing tuberculosis susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Yabaji","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Reflection spectroscopy-assessed skin carotenoids are sensitive to change in carotenoid intake in a 6-week randomized controlled feeding trial in a racially\/ethnically diverse sample","volume":"153","author":"Jilcott Pitts","year":"2023"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys","first-page":"46","article-title":"Optical assessment of skin carotenoid status as a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake","volume":"646","author":"Ermakov","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","first-page":"167","article-title":"Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis","volume":"1768","author":"McNulty","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Retrovirology","first-page":"54","article-title":"Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection","volume":"7","author":"Mogensen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"b14","series-title":"Br J Nutr","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk","volume":"112","author":"Wood","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/aop\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/aop\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:37:30Z","timestamp":1788878250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/aop\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169\/article-10.4269-ajtmh.26-0169.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}