{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1788355246178,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The immunopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania aethopica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not well understood. This study aimed to characterize the host\u2019s localized immune response in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) skin biopsies taken from skin lesions of patients who had developed localized CL due to infection with\n                    <jats:italic>L. aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 FFPE skin biopsy samples collected from 2018 to 2022 in the ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine localized immune T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. GraphPad Prism v. 10 was used for statistical analysis and visualization. The Mann-Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    test and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the median values of different groups of cytokines and cell markers. In comparison with healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11), localized CL patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 40) had higher expression levels of anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2) (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001) than proinflammatory cytokines (IFN\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1). Further, when comparing localized CL patients with healthy controls, the median value of CD8 marker expression was slightly higher than that of CD4 marker expression, although not statistically significant. Our immunohistochemical analysis indicates that in the skin lesions of patients with localized CL,\n                    <jats:italic>L. aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is associated with greater local availability of Th2-associated anti-inflammatory cytokines in comparison with Th1-associated proinflammatory cytokines. The current study offers a paradigm for researching local cytokine production in parasitic infection and supports findings linking unique cytokine expression profiles to the immunopathogenesis of human CL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:41:04Z","timestamp":1784828464000},"page":"499-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Skin Biopsies of Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients from Ethiopia, Expression of Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines was Greater than that of Proinflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Yimam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abay Atnafu","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selfu","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menal","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethelehem","family":"Nigussie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmael","family":"Besufikad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewodros Tariku","family":"Gebresilase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemal","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negash","family":"Baye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewditu","family":"Chanyalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nega","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Gelanew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menberework","family":"Chanyalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Communicable and non-communicable disease research directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"917536","article-title":"Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis and its associated factors among asymptomatic pastoral community of Dire District, Borena zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Ketema","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"6562092","article-title":"Eight-year trend analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in West Amhara Region referred to Amhara Public Health Institute Northwest, Ethiopia: A retrospective 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