{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:57:57Z","timestamp":1791385077490,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective mentorship is essential for advancing global health research, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review synthesizes expert perspectives from a highly experienced group of global health research mentors. We identify the characteristics and core competencies of effective global health mentors, emphasizing adaptability, cultural competence, and equitable collaboration. Special attention is paid to addressing barriers faced by underrepresented groups in academia, highlighting the role of mentorship in career advancement and enhancing workforce diversity. We describe a variety of mentoring models, e.g., one-to-one, peer, group, and virtual, and mentoring tools and frameworks, evaluating their relevance to diverse global health contexts. This review emphasizes their potential for customization in LMICs and provides guidance for structuring effective mentor\u2013mentee communication. Recognizing that sustainable impact extends beyond individual relationships, we present strategies for developing institutional mentorship programs, drawing on lessons from Ethiopia and Kenya. Key recommendations include capacity-building for mentors and mentees, institutional ownership of mentoring activities, mentor\u2013mentee matching, accessible training, and regular evaluation linked to recognition and career advancement. The transition from structured mentorship to professional independence merits special consideration, including mechanisms for fostering ongoing collegiality and long-term career support. Our findings underscore the importance of structured, intentional mentorship for building research capacity, driving academic productivity, and advancing global health equity. We advocate for sustained investment by individuals and institutions, recommending adaptable mentorship frameworks and supportive cultures to foster emerging global health leaders. By institutionalizing best practices, global health research mentorship can contribute decisively to stronger health systems worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:38:32Z","timestamp":1786469912000},"page":"683-693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mentors Perspectives on Advancing Global Health Research through Better Mentorship"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Davidson H.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"Boston University Center on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemane","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqui","family":"Miot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sailesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneesa","family":"Moolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"},{"name":"The Independent Institute of Education (IIEMSA), South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosa","family":"Moshabela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candida","family":"Moshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa;"},{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa;"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Nadesan-Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thumbi","family":"Ndung\u2019u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa;"},{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa;"},{"name":"Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;"},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folasade","family":"Ogunsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Sudfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sunguya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis K.","family":"Tiburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Wearne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaie W.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Strengthening mentoring in low- and middle-income countries to advance global health research: An overview","volume":"100","author":"Lescano","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"5","article-title":"Perspective piece successful global health research partnerships: What makes them work?","volume":"94","author":"John","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Health Research Mentorship in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (HERMES) a TDR Global Practical Guide to Spur Mentorship Institutionalization.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"Acad Med","first-page":"318","article-title":"Junior faculty members\u2019 mentoring relationships and their professional development in U.S. medical schools","volume":"73","author":"Palepu","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"J Contin Educ Health Prof","first-page":"42","article-title":"A scoping review of health care faculty mentorship programs in academia: Implications for program design, implementation, and outcome evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Crites","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings","first-page":"557","article-title":"The nature and evolution of the mentoring relationship in academic health centers","volume":"29","author":"Hill","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"GFA Leadership Guide for Faculty Affairs Professionals: Mentoring.","author":"Ward","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Med Educ","first-page":"26","article-title":"Mentorship and pursuit of academic medicine careers: A mixed methods study of residents from diverse backgrounds","volume":"14","author":"Yehia","year":"2014"},{"key":"b9","article-title":"Global Health Program for Fellows and Scholars\/Launching Future Leaders in Global Health Research Training Program (LAUNCH).","year":"2026"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Global health research mentoring competencies for individuals and institutions in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"100","author":"Hamer","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"b11","series-title":"J Youth Adolesc","first-page":"1339","article-title":"The quality of mentoring relationships and mentoring success","volume":"38","author":"Goldner","year":"2009"},{"issue":"8","key":"b12","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1876","article-title":"Otolaryngology training programs: Resident and faculty perception of the mentorship experience","volume":"123","author":"Lin","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.065","article-title":"Mentoring the mentor: Another tool to enhance mentorship","author":"Omary","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"b14","series-title":"Can Fam Physician","first-page":"e263","article-title":"Discussing mentorship: An ongoing study for the development of a mentorship program in Saskatchewan","volume":"56","author":"Thomas-MacLean","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Acad Psychiatry","first-page":"407","article-title":"Qualities of a psychiatric mentor: A quantitative Singaporean survey","volume":"35","author":"Tor","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Transl Sci","first-page":"26","article-title":"A Research mentor training curriculum for clinical and translational researchers","volume":"6","author":"Pfund","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Transl Sci","first-page":"216","article-title":"Training the next generation of research mentors: The University of California, San Francisco, clinical & translational science institute mentor development program","volume":"2","author":"Feldman","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"Ethics Behav","first-page":"127","article-title":"A framework for conceptualizing competence to mentor","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"BMC Med Educ","article-title":"Mentorship needs at academic institutions in resource-limited settings: A survey at Makerere University College of Health Sciences","volume":"11","author":"Nakanjako","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Health Policy Plan","first-page":"i4","article-title":"Supporting early-career mentorship for women in Health Policy and Systems Research: A vital input to building the field","volume":"35","author":"Kwamie","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","article-title":"Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education: Key Data Highlights Focusing on Race and Ethnicity and Promising Practices.","author":"Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Office of the Under Secretary, U.S. Department of Education","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10171","key":"b22","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"560","article-title":"Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: Where are we at and why does it matter?","volume":"393","author":"Shannon","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"e16","article-title":"A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders","volume":"104","author":"George","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","article-title":"Faculty Mentoring Models and Effective Practices.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"J Surg Educ","first-page":"161","article-title":"Standing in unity amidst change: A group mentorship model that addresses the logistical and emotional needs of applicants for surgical residency","volume":"81","author":"Rasic","year":"2024"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Developing Effective Student Peer Mentoring Programs: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Program Design, Delivery, Evaluation, and Training","author":"Collier","year":"2023"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Educ Res Int","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of peer mentors in promoting knowledge and skills development in graduate education","volume":"2020","author":"Lorenzetti","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"b28","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"723","article-title":"Developing a mentoring network to navigate fellowship and beyond: Moving from \u201cmentor\u201d to \u201cmentors\u201d","volume":"166","author":"Cameron","year":"2024"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Global health mentoring toolkits: A scoping review relevant for low- and middle-income country institutions","volume":"100","author":"Hansoti","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"b30","series-title":"Nurse Educ Today","first-page":"815","article-title":"Key components of an effective mentoring relationship: A qualitative study","volume":"34","author":"Eller","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Ren Soc Australas J","first-page":"41","article-title":"Mentorship in the health disciplines","volume":"11","author":"Sinclair","year":"2015"},{"key":"b32","article-title":"Mentoring Matters \u2013 An Introduction to the Mentoring Process.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"40","key":"b33","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e27423","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on mentoring early-career investigators: \u201cEverything can wait. Listen more than usual and share your own struggles\u201d","volume":"100","author":"Johnson","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Acad Psychiatry","first-page":"774","article-title":"Adapting mentoring in times of crisis: What we learned from COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2022"},{"key":"b35","article-title":"Closing the Mentoring Relationship and Celebrating Success.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mentorship training is essential to advancing global health research","volume":"100","author":"Katz","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0207634","article-title":"Long-term impact of a faculty mentoring program in academic medicine","volume":"13","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2018"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"36","article-title":"Evaluating academic mentorship programs in low-and middle-income country institutions: Proposed framework and metrics","volume":"100","author":"Chi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"9","article-title":"Conceptual framework of mentoring in low- and middle-income countries to advance global health","volume":"100","author":"Prasad","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"449","article-title":"Mentorship and sponsorship in a diverse population","volume":"54","author":"Cabrera-Muffly","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"b41","series-title":"Acad Med","first-page":"702","article-title":"Promoting mentorship in translational research: Should we hope for Athena or train mentor?","volume":"89","author":"Steiner","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"b42","series-title":"J Clin Transl Sci","first-page":"312","article-title":"Implementing and measuring the impact of a clinical and translational research mentor recognition program","volume":"2","author":"Byks-Jazayeri","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"b43","series-title":"JBI Evid Synth","first-page":"1912","article-title":"Health research mentorship in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Kaba","year":"2023"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Stud Grad Postdr Educ","article-title":"Addressing structural mentoring barriers in postdoctoral training: A qualitative study","author":"Lambert","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b45","series-title":"Acad Med","first-page":"140","article-title":"Making the most of mentors: A guide for mentees","volume":"84","author":"Zerzan","year":"2009"},{"key":"b46","article-title":"Responsibilities and Guidelines.","year":"2026"},{"issue":"2","key":"b47","series-title":"CBE Life Sci Educ","first-page":"ar24","article-title":"Building national capacity for research mentor training: An evidence-based approach to training the trainers","volume":"14","author":"Pfund","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"b48","series-title":"Ment Tutor","first-page":"6","article-title":"People strategy in human resources: Lessons for mentoring in higher education","volume":"23","author":"Baker","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"b49","series-title":"Educ Econ","first-page":"210","article-title":"Mentoring in higher education: Does it enhance mentees\u2019 research productivity?","volume":"24","author":"Michalik","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"b50","series-title":"Change","first-page":"58","article-title":"From mentor to mentoring networks: Mentoring in the new academy","volume":"39","author":"Sor Cinelli","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"b51","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"250","article-title":"A global crowdsourcing open call to improve research mentorship in low- and middle-income countries: A mixed methods analysis","volume":"106","author":"Oppong","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"b52","series-title":"Glob Health Action","first-page":"2162228","article-title":"Supporting early-career women researchers: Lessons from a global mentorship programme","volume":"16","author":"Brizuela","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/4\/article-p683.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/4\/article-p683.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/4\/article-p683.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:24:33Z","timestamp":1791383073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/115\/4\/article-p683.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0182","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}