{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:57:39Z","timestamp":1791385059883,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a leading cause of health care\u2013associated infections, increasingly exhibits multidrug-resistant phenotypes, including resistance to carbapenems, the last-resort antimicrobials, and thus compromises treatment options. However, there is a paucity of data on antimicrobial profiles and carbapenemase gene distribution in\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Rwanda. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1 to June 30, 2025, at the University Teaching Hospital of Butare. One-hundred-fifty isolates were analyzed using traditional bacteriological identification with the API 20E system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2024 guidelines, and carbapenemase genes were detected through conventional polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, and a\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. As a result,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates exhibited high resistance rates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78%), cefuroxime (71.3%), cefixime (72%), and ceftriaxone (66.7%). Moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (30%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (42.7%) was observed. In contrast, lower resistance to amikacin (9.3%), imipenem (12%), meropenem (13.3%), and ertapenem (14%) was observed. Of the Carbapenem-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CRKP) isolates, 8 (38.1%) tested positive for the\n                    <jats:italic>blaNDM<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, whereas none harbored the\n                    <jats:italic>blaKPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. This study found a high resistance rate in\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    to a widely used antibiotic and confirms the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>blaNDM<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting the need for antimicrobial stewardship and strengthened local surveillance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:18:30Z","timestamp":1786033110000},"page":"724-728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Clinical Specimens at the University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Rwanda: Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Carbapenemase Genes"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Innocent","family":"Nzabanterura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, INES-Ruhengeri, Musanze, Northern Province, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson Adewale","family":"Oyebadejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, INES-Ruhengeri, Musanze, Northern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djibril","family":"Mbarushimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestin","family":"Musabyumuremyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, INES-Ruhengeri, Musanze, Northern Province, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Habarugira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Tuyishimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evariste","family":"Ntezirizaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Muhinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain Prudence","family":"Ishimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, INES-Ruhengeri, Musanze, Northern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masceline Jenipher","family":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, INES-Ruhengeri, Musanze, Northern Province, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules Ndoli","family":"Minega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Education, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ngarambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Southern Province, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Seruyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Munyemana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"b1","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e10060","article-title":"Rising Klebsiella pneumoniae infections and its expanding drug resistance in the intensive care unit of a tertiary healthcare hospital, Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Al Bshabshe","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofad649","article-title":"The global and regional prevalence of hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","first-page":"234","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: virulence factors, molecular 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