{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:57:20Z","timestamp":1790708240212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Trichinellosis is a rare infection associated with bear meat consumption found in Japan, where limited access to parasite-specific antibody testing makes definitive diagnosis challenging. In the present study, 19 patients, comprising 16 confirmed and three probable cases, treated at a tertiary care hospital in Hokkaido, Japan, during three independent outbreaks in 2018, 2019, and 2025, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients prepared brown bear meat as a roast (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18) or a cutlet (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1) and consumed it as a main dish (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7) or in smaller portions of a few slices (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12). Ten patients consumed previously frozen meat. The causative agents included\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>\n                    T9 and presumed\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella nativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Common symptoms included rash (17\/19, 89.5%), fever (13\/19, 68.4%), and muscular symptoms (12\/19, 63.2%). Eosinophilia (16\/18, 88.9%) and creatine kinase (CK) elevation (13\/18, 72.2%) were frequently observed. Creatine kinase levels were highest early in the disease course at \u223c15 days post-infection and preceded the eosinophil peak, which occurred at 30 to 40 days post-infection. Parasite-specific antibody seroconversion occurred subsequently. Undercooked bear meat remains a significant risk factor for trichinellosis in this setting. The high frequency of rash, along with CK elevation preceding the eosinophil peak, may provide vital clues for this diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.26-0384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:57:03Z","timestamp":1790704623000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Laboratory Dynamics of Bear Meat-Associated Trichinellosis in Hokkaido, Japan"],"prefix":"10.4269","author":[{"given":"Yuto","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nagasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Nagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Morishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"About Trichinellosis.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Food Microbiol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis","volume":"64","author":"Rostami","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"295","article-title":"Present status of trichinellosis in Japan","volume":"22 Suppl","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1991"},{"issue":"8","key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Outbreak of Trichinella T9 infections associated with consumption of bear meat, 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