{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:32:42Z","timestamp":1773804762951,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Project Watergy, funded by the European Community's Vth Framework in its Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development programme, consists in the development of a humid air solar collector system that follows the principle of a closed two phase thermosyphon. The first product of the project is a prototype for application in arid climate: a closed system for solar thermal energy capture, water recycling, water desalination and advanced horticultural use. It consists of a closed greenhouse connected with a vertical solar air collector which functions as a solar chimney. An air-water heat exchanger contained in a cooling duct inside the tower provides climate regulation of the greenhouse, powered by the buoyancy induced by the solar tower. The efficiency of the heat exchange processes is enhanced by the utilization of latent heat due to constant humidification\/de-humidification of air in the process. The condensation associated with the cooling of the nearly saturated air also provides distillation of water. The thermal energy released in the process is stored outside the greenhouse for being used as heating or further water distillation during the night. Plants are an essential part of the whole process, being a means of grey water processing and a source of humidification of the air, and together with water and heat, biomass production is the main output of the system.<\/div>\n<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">A detailed explanation of the system and its components is presented, describing the heat accumulators, the heat exchanger in the cooling duct, and the secondary collector which further heats and humidifies the air from the greenhouse on its way to the cooling tower. The horticultural concept of the greenhouse is also outlined. The functioning of the system is described, the main challenges encountered are explained, and the first results obtained after the first growing season under evaluation are presented.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2005-01-2919","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,9]],"date-time":"2010-08-09T10:36:59Z","timestamp":1281350219000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Watergy Greenhouse: A Closed System for Solar Thermal Energy Collection, Water Treatment and Advanced Horticulture"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Zaragoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Cajamar, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Cajamar, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jer\u00f3nimo J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Cajamar, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Technology and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Jochum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Technology and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goto, E. Kurata K. Hayashi M. Sase S. \u201cPlant Production in Closed Ecosystems: The International Symposium on Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems Narita, Japan August 26-29 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers The Netherlands 1997","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8889-8"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Opdam, J.J.G. Schoonderbeek G.G. Heller E.M.B. de Gelder A. \u201cClosed Greenhouse: a Starting Point for Sustainable Entrepreneurship in Horticulture\u201d Proceedings of the International Symposium Greensys 2004: Sustainable Greenhouse Systems Leuven 12-16 9 2004 Acta Horticulturae"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Buchholz, M. Jochum P. Zaragoza G. \u201cBasic water, heat and food supply from a closed greenhouse - The Watergy Project\u201d Proceedings of the International Symposium Greensys 2004: Sustainable Greenhouse Systems Leuven 12-16 9 2004 Acta Horticulturae"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauch, K.H. 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Meyer C.P. \u201cClosed system cooling of a greenhouse in an arid zone climate\u201d Acta Horticulturae 148 161 170 1984","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1984.148.19"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Buchholz, M. Zaragoza G. \u201cA closed greenhouse for energy, water and food supply\u201d Habitation 9 3\/4 116 2004"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Loader, C.A. Garland J.L. Levine L.H. Cook K.L. Mackowiak C.L. Vivenzio H.R. Direct recycling of human hygiene water into hydroponic plant growth systems Life Support and Biosphere Science 6 141 152 1999"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Buchholz, M. \u201cClimate Control in Greenhouses and Solid State Fermentation Systems as a Source of Water and Energy\u201d Proceedings of the Word Renewable Energy Congress VI, Renewables - The Energy for the 21 st Century Brighton 1-7 7 2000 Sayigh, A.A.M. Kidlington, Oxford 2000"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finger, B.W. Alazraki M.P. Development and integration of a Breadboard-Scale aerobic bioreactor to regenerate nutrients from inedible crop residues SAE Tech. Paper No. 951498 1995","DOI":"10.4271\/951498"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Janssen, H.J.J. Gieling Th.H. Speetjens S.L. Stigter J.D. van Straten G. \u201cWatergy, towards a closed greenhouse in semi-arid regions: infra structure for process control\u201d Proceedings of the International Symposium Greensys 2004: Sustainable Greenhouse Systems Leuven 12-16 9 2004 Acta Horticulturae"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goedhart M. Nederhoff E.M. Udink Ten Cate A.J. Bot G.P.A. \u201cMethods and instruments for ventilation rate measurements\u201d Acta Horticulturae 148 393 400 1984","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1984.148.50"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Parra, J.J. Baeza E. Montero J.I. Bailey B.J. \u201cNatural ventilation of parral greenhouses\u201d Biosystems Engineering 87 3 89 100 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2003.12.004"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruther, M. \u201cNatural ventilation rates of closed greenhouses\u201d Acta Horticulturae 170 185 191 1985","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1985.170.20"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orgaz, F. Fern\u00e1ndez M.D. Bonachela S. Gallardo M. Fereres E. \u201cEvapotranspiration of horticultural crops in an unheated plastic greenhouse\u201d Agricultural Water Management 72 2 81 96 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2004.09.010"}],"event":{"name":"International Conference On Environmental Systems","location":"Rome, Italy","acronym":"ICES","number":"133380","start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,11]]}},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2005-01-2919\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T21:01:16Z","timestamp":1759698076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/watergy-greenhouse-a-closed-system-solar-thermal-energy-collection-water-treatment-advanced-horticulture-2005-01-2919"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,11]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2005-01-2919","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,11]]},"article-number":"2005-01-2919"}}