{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:20:02Z","timestamp":1780435202625,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.4271\/2006-22-0005","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T13:34:53Z","timestamp":1542807293000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Derivation and Theoretical Assessment of a Set of Biomechanics-based, AIS2+ Risk Equations for the Knee-Thigh-Hip Complex"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Tony R.","family":"Laituri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaye","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Aoji O., Motoshima T., Bando T.  (1959) On the effective sectional areas and maximum compressive loads of diaphysis of human long bones. J. Kyoto Pref. Med. Univ., 65: 979-984."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, AAAM  (1990) Abbreviated injury scale - 1990 revision, Morton Grove, IL."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"BarCharts, Inc. (2003) Anatomy, Quick Study: Skeletal System."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng R., Yang K., Levine R. , King A., Morgan R. (1982) Injuries to the cervical spine caused by a distributed frontal load to the chest. Proceedings 26th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 821155.","DOI":"10.4271\/821155"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng R., Yang K., Levine R., King A. (1984) Dynamic impact loading of the femur under passive restrained condition. Proceedings 28th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 841661,","DOI":"10.4271\/841661"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Donnelly B., Roberts D. (1987) Comparison of cadaver and Hyrbid III dummy response to axial impacts of the femur. Proceedings 31st Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 872204."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppinger R., Marcus J., Morgan R. (1984) Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA's thoracic side impact protection research program. SAE Paper No. 840885.","DOI":"10.4271\/840885"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Horsch J. and Patrick L. (1976) Cadaver and dummy knee impact response, SAE Paper No.760799."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Kent R., Funk J. (2004) Data censoring and parametric distribution assignment in the development of injury risk functions from biomechanical data. SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0317."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Kroell C., Schneider D. , Nahum A. (1976) Comparitive knee impact response of Part 572 dummy and cadaver subjects. SAE Paper No.760817."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Kuppa S., Wang J., Haffner M., Eppinger R. (2001) Lower extremity injuries and associated injury criteria. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Paper No. 457. National Highway Traffic Safety Association, Washington D.C."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Kuppa S.  (2003) An overview of knee-thigh-hip injuries in frontal crashes in the United States. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Nogoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laituri T., Kachnowski B., Prasad P., Sullivan K., Przybylo P.  (2003a) A theoretical, risk assessment procedure for in-position drivers involved in full-engagement frontal impacts. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-1354.","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-01-1354"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laituri T., Prasad P, Kachnowski B., Sullivan K., Przybylo  P. (2003b) Predictions of AIS3+ thoracic risks for belted occupants in full- engagement, real-world frontal impacts: Sensitivity to various theoretical risk curves. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-1355.","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-01-1355"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laituri T., Sullivan D., Sullivan K., Prasad P. (2004) A theoretical math model for projecting AIS3+ thoracic injury for belted occupants in frontal impacts. Stapp Car Crash Journal, Paper No. 2004-22-0020, Vol. 48.","DOI":"10.4271\/2004-22-0020"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Laituri T., Prasad P., Sullivan K., Frankstein M., Thomas R. (2005) Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts,\u201d  SAE Paper No. 2005-01-0297."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laituri T., Henry S., Sullivan S., Prasad P. (2006) Lower-body injury rates in full-engagement frontal impacts: Field data and logistic models, SAE Paper No. 2006-01-1666.","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-1666"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Leung Y., Hue B., Fayon A., Tarrierre C. , Hamon H., Got C. (1983) Study of KTH protection criterion. Proceedings 27th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 831629."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Madymo  (1999) User's Manual 3D, V5.4.1 , TNO Road-Vehicles Research Institute."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Melvin J., Nusholtz G. (1980) Tolerance and response of the knee-femur-pelvis complex to axial impacts: impact sled tests. Univ. Mich, HSRI, Paper No.UM-HSRI-80-27."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz H., Irwin A., Melvin J., Stalnaker R., Beebe M.  (1989) Size, weight, and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies. SAE Paper No. 890756.","DOI":"10.4271\/890756"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz H. (1993) Anthropomorphic test devices. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention , ed. Nahum A.  and Melvin J. , pp. 66-84. Springer-Verlag, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2264-2_4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz H., Prasad P., Irwin A. (1997) Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. Paper No. 973318, 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference.","DOI":"10.4271\/973318"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz H., Irwin A., Prasad P. (2003) Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash Journal , Vol. 47, pp. 155-188.","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-22-0009"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Minitab  (2005) Minitab Statistical Software, Minitab Inc., Release 14.20 for Windows, 2005."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Morgan R. , Schneider D. , Eppinger R., Nahum A., Marcus J., Awad J., Dainty D., Forrest S. (1987) Interaction of human cadaver and HIII subjects with steering wheel assembly. 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. Paper No. 872202."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Morgan R., Eppinger R., and Marcus J. (1989) Human cadaver patella-femur-pelvis injury due to dynmaic frontal impact to the patella. Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Sweden."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Morgan R., Marcus J., Nichols. (1990) Human cadaver and hybrid III responses to axial impacts of the femur. 1990 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, pp. 21-35."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkin S., Mackay M., Cooper A. (1995) How drivers sit in cars. Accident Annal and Prev., Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 777-783.","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00035-6"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Roberts D., Donnelly B., Morgan R.  (1987) Cadaver response to axial impacts of the femur. Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupp J., Reed M., Kuppa S., Wang S., Goulet J., Schneider L. (2002) The tolerance of the human hip to dynamic knee loading. Stapp Car Crash Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 211-228.","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-22-0011"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Rupp J. (2006) Biomechanics of Hip Fractures in Frontal Motor-vehicle Crashes. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"SAE   (1996) Injury Calculations Guidelines. Surface Vehicle Information Report - SAE J1727."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"SAS (2002) Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"States J. (1986) Adult injuries of the lower limb. SAE Paper No. 861927."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Tilley A. (2002) The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. Henry Dryfuss Associates . John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viano D. (1977) Considerations for a femur injury criterion. Proceedings 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 443-473, SAE Paper No. 770925.","DOI":"10.4271\/770925"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Viano D., Culver C., Haut R., Melvin J., Bender M., Levin R. (1978) Bolster impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropormorphic dummy. SAE Paper No.780896."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan N., Pintar F., Gennarelli T., Maltese M., Eppinger R. (2001) Mechanisms and factors involved in hip injuries during frontal crashes. Stapp Car Crash Journal, Vol. 45, pp. 437-448.","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-22-0020"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Yamada H.  (1970)Strength of Biological Materials . Edited by Evans F. Gaynor. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD. Waverly Press, Inc. p.49."}],"event":{"name":"50th Stapp Car Crash Conference","acronym":"STAPP"},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sae.org\/gsdownload\/?prodCd=2006-22-0005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T23:50:03Z","timestamp":1556236203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sae.org\/content\/2006-22-0005\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,6]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2006-22-0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7191","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,6]]},"article-number":"2006-22-0005"}}