{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:43:20Z","timestamp":1787168600000,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The reality of the autonomous vehicle in a near future is growing and is expected\n to induce significant change in the occupant posture with respect to a standard\n driving posture. The delegated driving would allow sleeping and\/or resting in a\n seat with a reclined posture. However, the data in the literature are rare on\n the body kinematics, human tolerance, and injury types in such reclined\n postures. The current study aims at increasing the knowledge in the domain and\n providing useful data to assess the relevance of the standard injury assessment\n tools such as anthropomorphic test devices or finite element human body\n models.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">For that purpose, a test series of three male Post-Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS)\n were performed in frontal impact at a 13.4 m\/s delta V. The backseat inclination\n was 58 degrees with respect to the vertical axis. The semi-rigid seat developed\n by Uriot et al. (<span class=\"xref\">2015<\/span>) was used with a\n stiffer seat ramp. The restraint was composed of a lap belt equipped with two\n 3.5 kN load limiters, and of a shoulder belt equipped of a 4 kN load limiter on\n the upper anchorage placed in the vicinity of the shoulder. The belts, the\n semi-rigid seat, and the footrest were equipped with force sensors. The\n rotations of the seat pan and of the seat ramp were also measured. The PMHS were\n instrumented with multi-axis accelerometers and Y angular velocity sensors\n attached to the head, thorax (T1 and T12 vertebrae), and sacrum. Strain gauges\n were glued onto the anterior face of the L1 to L5 lumbar vertebrae and onto the\n anterior face of the iliac wings. To estimate the pelvis kinematics, a rigid\n support equipped with targets was fixed onto the femur shaft. Prior to test,\n X-ray imagery was performed to exhibit the initial curvature of the lumbar\n spine. After the tests, an in-depth necropsy was done, with a specific attention\n to the lumbar spine.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In the chosen test conditions, no lap-belt submarining was observed for the three\n PMHS. One PMHS sustained an AIS2 pelvic ring fracture and another one sustained\n an AIS4 injury with complete separation of the left and right sacroiliac joints.\n Lumbar disc ruptures and vertebral fractures were observed for the three PMHS\n (AIS 2 and AIS3 coding). The number of separated rib fractures were very\n different from one PMHS to another (0, 6 and 33). Response corridors for the\n external forces and kinematics were built and are presented in the paper. The\n results are discussed by comparing with existing data for which the backseat was\n in standard posture.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2022-22-0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T22:15:28Z","timestamp":1694643328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of Potential Injury Patterns and Occupant Kinematics in\n Frontal Impact with PMHS in Reclined Postures"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Pascal","family":"Baudrit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEESAR (Nanterre \u2013 France)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Uriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEESAR (Nanterre \u2013 France)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faurecia Automotive Seating (France)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Debray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faurecia Automotive Seating (France)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charpail ,\n E. ,\n Trosseille ,\n X. ,\n Petit ,\n P. ,\n Laporte ,\n S. ,\n Lavaste ,\n F. ,\n Vallancien ,\n G. 2005 Characterization of PMHS ribs: a new test\n methodology Stapp Car Crash Journal 49 183 198","DOI":"10.4271\/2005-22-0009"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Clauser , C.\n E. ,\n McConville , J.\n T. and\n Young , J.\n W. 1969"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebarb\u00e9 \n M. ,\n Baudrit \n P. ,\n Potier \n P. ,\n Petit \n P. ,\n Trosseille \n X. ,\n Compigne \n S. ,\n Masuda \n M. ,\n Fujii \n T. ,\n Douard \n R. 2016 Investigation of pelvic injuries on\n eighteen post mortem human subjects submitted to oblique lateral\n impact Stapp Car Crash Journal 60 89 134","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-22-0005"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson \n R. ,\n Donlon \n J.P. , ,\n Jayathirtha \n M. ,\n Forman \n J. L. ,\n Shaw \n G. ,\n Gepner \n B. ,\n Kerrigan \n J. R. ,\n \u00d6stling \n M. ,\n Mroz \n K. ,\n Pipkorn \n B. 2020 Kinematic and Injury Response of Reclined\n PMHS in Frontal Impacts Stapp Car Crash\n Journal 64 203 223","DOI":"10.4271\/2020-22-0004"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petit \n P. ,\n Luet \n C. ,\n Potier \n P. ,\n Vallancien \n G. 2011 Investigation on Occupant Ejection in\n High Severity Rear Impact based on Post Mortem Human Subject Sled\n Tests Stapp Car Crash Journal 55 91 115","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-22-0005"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Richard \n O. ,\n Uriot \n J. ,\n Baudrit \n P. ,\n Trosseille \n X. ,\n Douard \n R. 2015 Comparison of HII, HIII and THOR dummy\n responses with respect to PMHS sled tests International Research Council on the Biomechanics of\n Injury"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uriot ,\n J. ,\n Potier \n P. ,\n Baudrit \n P. ,\n Trosseille \n X. ,\n Petit \n P. ,\n Richard \n O. ,\n Compigne \n S. ,\n Douard \n R. 2015 Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess\n Submarining Stapp Car Crash Journal 59 203 223","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-22-0008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiechel ,\n J. , &\n Bolte ,\n J. 2006 Response of Reclined Post Mortem Human\n Subjects to Frontal Impact (No. 2006-01-0674) SAE\n Technical Paper","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-0674"}],"container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2022-22-0001\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T12:12:37Z","timestamp":1758715957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/investigation-potential-injury-patterns-occupant-kinematics-in-frontal-impact-pmhs-reclined-postures-2022-22-0001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2022-22-0001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-8546","2993-1940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-8546","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-1940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"article-number":"2022-22-0001"}}