{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:29:45Z","timestamp":1792844985445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The American population is getting heavier and automated vehicles will\n accommodate unconventional postures. While studies replicating mid-size and\n upright fore-aft seated occupants are numerous, experiments with post-mortem\n human subjects (PMHS) with obese and reclined occupants are sparse. The\n objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso\n and pelvis, and document injuries and injury patterns in frontal impacts. Six\n PMHS with a mean body mass index of 38.2 \u00b1 5.3 kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup> were equally\n divided between upright and reclined groups (seatback: 23\u00b0, 45\u00b0), restrained by\n a three-point integrated belt, positioned on a semi-rigid seat, and exposed to\n low and moderate velocities (15, 32 km\/h). Data included belt loads, spinal\n accelerations, kinematics, and injuries from x-rays, computed tomography, and\n necropsy. At 15 km\/h speed, no significant difference in the occupant kinematics\n and evidence of orthopedic failure was observed. At 32 km\/h speed, the primary\n difference between the cohorts was significantly larger Z displacements in the\n reclined occupant at the head (190 \u00b1 32 mm, vs. 105 \u00b1 33 mm p &lt; 0.05) and\n femur (52 \u00b1 18 mm vs. 30 \u00b1 10 mm, p &lt; 0.05). All the moderate-speed tests\n produced at least one thorax injury. Rib fractures were scattered around the\n circumference of the rib-cage in the upright, while they were primarily\n concentrated on the anterior aspect of the rib-cage in two reclined specimens.\n Although MAIS was the same in both groups, the reclined specimens had more\n bi-cortical rib fractures, suggesting the potential for pneumothorax. While not\n statistical, these results suggest enhanced injuries with reclined obese\n occupants. These results could serve as a data set for validating the response\n of restrained obese anthropometric test device (ATDs) and computational human\n body models.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2022-22-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T22:15:28Z","timestamp":1694643328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Obese Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated\n Postures in Frontal Impacts"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Karthik","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Humm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Driesslein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwauke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbabi ,\n S. ,\n Wahl ,\n W.L. ,\n Hemmila ,\n M.R. ,\n Kohoyda-Inglis ,\n C. ,\n Taheri ,\n P.A. , and\n Wang ,\n S.C. 2003 The cushion effect Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 54 1090 1093","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000064449.11809.48"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbogast ,\n K.B. ,\n Balasubramanian ,\n S. ,\n Seacrist ,\n T. ,\n Maltese ,\n M.R. ,\n Garcia-Espana ,\n J.F. ,\n Hopely ,\n T. ,\n Constans ,\n E. ,\n Lopez-Valdes ,\n F.J. ,\n Kent ,\n R.W. ,\n Tanji ,\n H. , and\n Higuchi ,\n K. 2009 Comparison of Kinematic Responses of the\n Head and Spine for Children and Adults in Low-Speed Frontal Sled\n Tests Stapp Car Crash Journal 53 329 372","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-22-0012"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeman ,\n S.M. ,\n Kemper ,\n A.R. ,\n Madigan ,\n M.L. ,\n Franck ,\n C.T. , and\n Loftus ,\n S.C. 2012 Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal\n sled tests: Human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS Accident Analysis and Prevntion 47 128 139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.01.016"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulanger ,\n B.R. ,\n Milzman ,\n D. ,\n Mitchell ,\n K. , and\n Rodriguez ,\n A. 1992 Body habitus as a predictor of injury\n pattern after blunt trauma The Journal of\n Trauma 33 228 232","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199208000-00011"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carsten ,\n O. ,\n Lai ,\n F.C. ,\n Barnard ,\n Y. ,\n Jamson ,\n A.H. , and\n Merat ,\n N. 2012 Control task substitution in\n semiautomated driving: does it matter what aspects are\n automated? 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64","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701737645"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitlock ,\n G. ,\n Norton ,\n R. ,\n Clark ,\n T. ,\n Jackson ,\n R. , and\n MacMahon ,\n S. 2003 Is body mass index a risk factor for\n motor vehicle driver injury? 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