{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:02:03Z","timestamp":1758758523455,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The increased use of computational human models in evaluation of safety systems\n demands greater attention to selected methods in coupling the model to its\n seated environment. This study assessed the THUMS v4.0.1 in an upright driver\n posture and a reclined occupant posture. Each posture was gravity settled into\n an NCAC vehicle model to assess model quality and HBM to seat coupling.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">HBM to seat contact friction and seat stiffness were varied across a range of\n potential inputs to evaluate over a range of potential inputs. Gravity settling\n was also performed with and without constraints on the pelvis to move towards\n the target H-Point. These combinations resulted in 18 simulations per posture,\n run for 800 ms. In addition, 5 crash pulse simulations (51.5 km\/h delta V) were\n run to assess the effect of settling time on driver kinematics. HBM mesh quality\n and HBM to seat coupling metrics were compared at kinetically identical time\n points during the simulation to an end state where kinetic energy was near\n zero.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">A gravity settling time of 350 ms was found to be optimal for the upright driver\n posture and 290 ms for the reclined occupant posture. This suggests that\n reclined passengers can be settled for less time than upright passengers,\n potentially due to the increased contact area. The pelvis constrained approach\n was recommended for the upright driver posture and was not recommended for the\n reclined occupant posture. The recommended times were sufficient to gravity\n settle both postures to match the quality metrics of the 800 ms gravity settled\n time. Driver kinematics were found to be vary with gravity settling time. Future\n work will include verifying that these recommendations hold for different HBMs\n and test modes.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2024-22-0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T22:15:21Z","timestamp":1725574521000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standardized Assessment of Gravity Settling Human Body Models for\n Virtual Testing"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Wade von Kleeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Caffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. Scott","family":"Gayzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Motor North America R&D"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"2010 Toyota Yaris Finite Element Model Validation Detail\n Mesh \n 2016"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Ando , T. , \n \n Kitagawa , Y. , and \n \n Eggers , A. \n Influence of Posture Adjustment Methods for\n Human Body Models on Injury Prediction IRCOBI Conference Florence,\n Italy 2019"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbogast , K. , \n \n Matthew , E. , \n \n Seacrist , T. , \n \n Maltese , M. \n \n et al. \n The Effect of Pretensioning and Age on Torso\n Rollout in Restrained Human Volunteers in Far-Side Lateral and Oblique\n Loading Stapp Car Crash Journal 56 2012 443 467","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-22-0012"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Costa , C. , \n \n Caffrey , J. , \n \n Kleeck , B.V. , \n \n Weaver , A. \n \n et al. \n Effect of Postural Adjustment Methods on Mesh\n Quality and Simulation Time of Human Body Models IRCOBI Conference 2021"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries , D. \n 2009","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-an215-2009"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"EuroNCAP \n 2023a"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"EuroNCAP \n 2023b"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guleyupoglu , B. , \n \n Barnard , R. , and \n \n Gayzik , F.S. \n Automating Regional Rib Fracture Evaluation in\n the GHBMC Detailed Average Seated Male Occupant Model SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1428 2017 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2017-01-1428","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-1428"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John , J. , \n \n Putra , I. , 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Assessment of Frictional Properties of Some\n Woven Fabrics Indian Journal of Fibre &\n Textile Research 19 1994 151 155"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Leledakis , A. , \n \n \u00d6sth , J. , \n \n Iraeus , J. , \n \n Davidsson , J. \n \n et al. \n The Influence of Occupant\u2019s\n Size Shape and Seat Adjustment in Frontal\n and Side Impacts IRCOBI Conference Athens,\n Greece 2019"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li , Z. , \n \n Zhang , J. , \n \n Wang , J. , \n \n Huang , P. \n \n et al. \n Preliminary Study on the Mechanisms of Ankle\n Injuries under Falling and Impact Conditions Based on the THUMS\n Model Forensic Sciences Research 7 3 2021 518 527","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.1875582"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patalak , J. , \n \n Davis , M. , \n \n Gaewsky , J. , \n \n Stitzel , J. \n \n et al. \n Influence of Driver Position and Seat Design on\n Thoracolumbar Loading During Frontal Impacts SAE\n Technical Paper 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Brain Response 114 3 2002 314 321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1048-2"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Takahira , Y. , \n \n Akima , S. , \n \n Kusuhara , Y. , \n \n Tanase , N. \n \n et al. \n Cross-Sectional Analysis of Rib Fracture\n Mechanism of Elderly Occupant in Frontal Collision Using\n THUMS IRCOBI Conference 2021"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"THUMS User Manual \n 2010"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uriot , J. , \n \n Potier , P. , \n \n Baudrit , P. , \n \n Trosseille , X. \n \n et al. \n Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess\n Submarining SAE Technical Paper 2015-22-0008 2015 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2015-22-0008","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-22-0008"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vavalle , N.A. , \n \n Jelen , B.C. , \n \n Moreno , D.P. , \n \n Stitzel , J.D. \n \n et al. \n An Evaluation of Objective Rating Methods for\n Full-Body Finite Element Model Comparison to PMHS Tests Traffic Injury Prevention 14 sup1 2013 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