{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:02:30Z","timestamp":1774929750273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Forward-facing child restraint systems (FF CRS) and high-back boosters often\n contact the vehicle seat head restraint (HR) when installed, creating a gap\n between the back surface of the CRS and the vehicle seat. The effects of HR\n interference on dynamic CRS performance are not well documented. The objective\n of this study is to quantify the effects of HR interference for FF CRS and\n high-back boosters in frontal and far-side impacts. Production vehicle seats\n with prominent, removeable HRs were attached to a sled buck. One FF CRS and two\n booster models were tested with the HR in place (causing interference) and with\n the HR removed (no interference). A variety of installation methods were\n examined for the FF CRS. A total of twenty-four tests were run. In frontal\n impacts, HR interference produced small but consistent increases in frontal head\n excursion and HIC36. Head excursions were more directly related to the more\n forward initial position rather than kinematic differences caused by HR\n interference. In far-side impacts, HR interference did not have consistent\n effects on injury metrics. Overall, these results suggest only slight benefits\n of removing the HR in frontal impacts specifically. Caregivers should use\n caution if removing a vehicle HR to ensure that the current child occupant and\n all future vehicle occupants have adequate head support available in case of a\n rear impact.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2024-22-0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T22:15:30Z","timestamp":1729548930000},"page":"31-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Head Restraint (HR) Interference on Child Restraint System\n (CRS) Performance in Frontal and Far-Side Impacts"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbogast , K.B. , \n \n Jermakian , J.S. , \n \n Kallan , M.J. , and \n \n Durbin , D.R. \n Effectiveness of Belt Positioning Booster\n Seats: An Updated Assessment Pediatrics 124 5 2009 1281 1286","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0908"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbogast , K.B. and \n \n Durbin , D.R. \n Epidemiology of Child Motor Vehicle Crash\n Injuries and Fatalities Crandall ,\n J.R. ,\n Myers ,\n B.S. ,\n Meaney ,\n D.F. ,\n Zellers Schmidtke \n S. Pediatric Injury Biomechanics: Archive & Textbook New York Springer 2013 33 86","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4154-0_2"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker , G. , \n \n Stockman , I. , \n \n Bohman , K. , \n \n Jakobsson , L. \n \n et al. \n Kinematics and Shoulder Belt Engagement of\n Children on Belt-Positioning Boosters during Evasive Steering\n Maneuvers Traffic Injury Prevention 19 sup1 2018 S131 S138","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1398401"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bing , J.A. , \n \n Bolte , J.H. \n IV , and \n \n Agnew , A.M. \n Investigation of Child Restraint System (CRS)\n Compatibility in the Vehicle Seat Environment Traffic Injury Prevention 16 sup2 2015 s1 s8","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1061663"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bing , J.A. , \n \n Agnew , A.M. , and \n \n Bolte ,\n J.H.I.V. \n Compatibility of Booster Seats and Vehicles in\n the US Market Traffic Injury Prevention 19 4 2018 385 390","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1417594"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Donaldson , D. and \n \n Rose , K. \n The LATCH Manual: Using Lower Anchors and Tethers for\n Child Restraints Greenbank, WA Safe Ride News Publications 2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu , J. , \n \n Manary , M.A. , \n \n Klinich , K.D. , and \n \n Reed , M.P. \n Evaluation of ISO CRS Envelopes Relative to US\n Vehicles and Child Restraint Systems Traffic\n Injury Prevention 16 8 2015 781 785","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1014550"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfield , J.A. , \n \n Kwon , H. , and \n \n Kang , Y. \n Child Restraint Systems with Minor Installation\n Incompatibilities in Far Side Impacts SAE\n Technical Paper 2021-01-0915 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2021-01-0915","DOI":"10.4271\/2021-01-0915"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfield ,\n J.A. \n Comparison of Child Restraint System (CRS)\n Installation Methods and Misuse during Far-Side Impact Sled\n Testing SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-0817 2023 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2023-01-0817","DOI":"10.4271\/2023-01-0817"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz , H.J. , \n \n Irwin , A.L. , and \n \n Prasad , P. \n Biomechanical and Scaling Basis for Frontal and\n Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values Stapp Car Crash Journal 60 2016 625 657","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-22-0018"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), US\n Department of Transportation \n 2023"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Society of Automotive Engineers \n 2022"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorbole , C.K. , \n \n Thokade , S. , and \n \n Lankarani ,\n H. \n Pelvis Kinematics Assessment for Improving\n Far-Side Child Protection Positioned in a Booster Seat International Journal of Crashworthiness 25 5 2020 536 544","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2019.1617097"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tylko , S. , \n \n Bohman , K. , and \n \n Bussieres ,\n A. \n Responses of the Q6\/Q6s ATD Positioned in\n Booster Seats in the Far-Side Seat Location of Side Impact Passenger Car and\n Sled Tests Stapp Car Crash Journal 59 2015 313 335","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-22-0012"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Visvikis , C. , \n \n Muller , T. , and \n \n Thurn , C. \n Dummy Kinematics and Head Containment in\n Far-Side Impact of Child Restraint Systems International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury\n (IRCOBI). IRC-21-61 2021"}],"container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2024-22-0003\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T21:11:59Z","timestamp":1758661919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/effects-head-restraint-hr-interference-child-restraint-system-crs-performance-frontal-far-side-impacts-2024-22-0003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2024-22-0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-8546","2993-1940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-8546","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-1940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"article-number":"2024-22-0003"}}