{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:06:42Z","timestamp":1782472002244,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Thoracic injuries, most frequently rib fractures, commonly occur in motor vehicle\n crashes. With an increased reliance on human body models (HBMs) for injury\n prediction in various crash scenarios, all thoracic tissues and structures\n require more comprehensive evaluation for improvement of HBMs. The objective of\n this study was to quantify the contribution of costal cartilage to whole rib\n bending properties in physical experiments. Fifteen bilateral pairs of 5th human\n ribs were included in this study. One rib within each pair was tested without\n costal cartilage while the other rib was tested with costal cartilage. All ribs\n were subjected to simplified A-P loading at 2 m\/s until failure to simulate a\n frontal thoracic impact. Results indicated a statistically significant\n difference in force, structural stiffness, and yield strain between ribs with\n and without costal cartilage. On average, ribs with costal cartilage experienced\n a lower force but greater displacement with a longer time to fracture compared\n to isolated ribs. Comparisons were complicated by varying levels of\n calcification between costal cartilages and varying geometry with the inclusion\n of the costal cartilage. This study highlights the important effects of costal\n cartilage on rib properties and suggests an increased focus on costal cartilage\n in HBMs in future work.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\"\/><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2024-22-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T21:15:36Z","timestamp":1734556536000},"page":"104-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Bending Properties in Paired Human Ribs with and\n without Costal Cartilage"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Marcallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Pipkorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoliv Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Bolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew ,\n A.M. , \n Murach ,\n M.M. , \n Dominguez ,\n V.M. , \n Sreedhar ,\n A. \n et al. 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Evaluation and\n Validation of Thorax Model Responses: A Hierarchical Approach to Achieve\n High Biofidelity for Thoracic Musculoskeletal System Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 2021 712656","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.712656"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zioupos ,\n P. and \n Currey ,\n J.D. 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