{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:10:51Z","timestamp":1790100651525,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Recent studies have found that Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) grossly overpredicts\n instances of real-world, severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, as it\n stands, BrIC is the leading candidate for a rotational head kinematics-based\n brain injury criteria for use in automotive regulation and general safety\n standards. This study attempts to understand why BrIC overpredicts the\n likelihood of brain injury by presenting a comprehensive analysis of live\n primate head impact experiments conducted by Stalnaker et al. (<span class=\"xref\">1977<\/span>) and the University of Pennsylvania\n before applying these injurious conditions to a finite element (FE) monkey\n model. Data collection included a thorough analysis and digitization of the head\n impact dynamics and resulting pathology reports from Stalnaker et al. (<span class=\"xref\">1977<\/span>) as well as a representative\n reconstruction of the Penn II baboon diffuse axonal injury (DAI) model.\n Computational modeling techniques were employed on a FE Rhesus monkey model,\n first introduced by Arora et al. (<span class=\"xref\">2019<\/span>),\n to derive risk related brain tissue strain thresholds from the laboratory data.\n The existing critical velocities proposed for BrIC were then scaled until the\n target strain level associated with each severity level of diffuse brain injury\n was reproduced in the FE model of the human brain. Overall, this study provides\n a comprehensive understanding of these two historical non-human primates (NHP)\n models and predicts a strain based diffuse tissue injury threshold (MPS99.9) of\n 1.0 and 1.6 for concussion (mild TBI) and DAI (severe TBI), respectively. The\n findings indicate scale factors of 1.6 to 5.9 times the original BrIC critical\n velocities, depending on the loading duration, are required to predict severe\n (AIS 4+) diffuse brain injury. These results allude to a necessity for including\n angular acceleration and duration as kinematic parameters in an injury criterion\n that can accurately predict real-world, diffuse brain injuries. This study also\n attempts to evaluate and recommend a methodology for post-processing strain\n parameters produced by head models, settling on the use of MPS99.9 and\n CSDM50.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-22-0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T10:24:36Z","timestamp":1747304676000},"page":"51-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proposed Reformulation of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) Using Head\n Rotation-Induced Brain Injury Thresholds Simulated and Derived Directly from A\n Subhuman Primate Finite Element Model"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Dominic R.","family":"Demma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prasad Engineering, LLC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel ,\n J. , \n Gennarelli , T. ,\n and \n Segawa ,\n H. 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Development of a Subhuman Primate Brain Finite Element Model\n to Investigate Brain Injury Thresholds Induced by Head\n Rotation Stapp Car Crash Journal 63 2019 65 82 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2019-22-0003","DOI":"10.4271\/2019-22-0003"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive\n Medicine 2016 Abbreviated\n Injury Scale (c) 2005 Update 2008"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Craig ,\n M. , \n Parent ,\n D. , \n Lee ,\n E. , \n Rudd ,\n R. \n et al. Injury Criteria for the THOR\n 50th Male ATD Human Injury Research Division,\n National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2021"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly ,\n B.R. and \n Medige ,\n J. Shear Properties of Human Brain Tissue Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 119 4 1997 423 432 10.1115\/1.2798289","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798289"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppinger ,\n R.H. , \n Marcus , J.H. ,\n and \n Morgan ,\n R.M. 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Validation of the Strain Response in the Brain: Recent\n Update of the GHBMC M50 Head Model Journal of\n Neurotrauma 36 2019 A38 A39 10.1089\/neu.2019.29100.abstracts"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang ,\n L. 2019","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8760578"}],"container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2025-22-0003\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:54:46Z","timestamp":1758632086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/proposed-reformulation-brain-injury-criteria-bric-using-head-rotation-induced-brain-injury-thresholds-simulated-derived-directly-a-subhuman-primate-finite-element-model-2025-22-0003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2025-22-0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-8546","2993-1940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-8546","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-1940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"article-number":"2025-22-0003"}}