{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:18:52Z","timestamp":1768587532650,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;div class=\"section abstract\"&gt;&lt;div class=\"htmlview paragraph\"&gt;This research investigated injury risk functions (IRF) for the THOR-AV 50th percentile male dummy in accordance with ISO TS18506, focusing on areas with design changes. The IRF development utilized a combination of physical tests and finite element (FE) model simulations. For certain postmortem human subject test cases lacking physical dummy tests, the validated Humanetics THOR-AV FE model (v0.7.2) was used to quickly generate data, with the understanding that final IRFs based on full physical test data might offer greater accuracy. Log-logistic, log-normal, and Weibull survival functions were fitted with 95% confidence intervals. The Akaike Information Criterion, Goodman-Kruskal-Gamma, Area under the Curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic, and Quantile-Quantile plot were employed to assess the prediction strength and relative quality of the final IRF selections. Among the three survival distributions, the Weibull distribution provided the best fit. The lumbar Fz was identified as the best indicator for lumbar spine injury, followed by Lij. The Fz injury risk values at 5%, 25%, and 50% probabilities are 2170N, 3560N, and 4856N for MAIS2+, respectively. The Lij injury risk values at 5%, 25%, and 50% probabilities are 0.44, 0.65, and 0.79 for MAIS2+, respectively. Abdomen pressure from APTS sensors was found to be a weak indicator for abdomen injury prediction, with injury risk values at 5%, 25%, and 50% probabilities being 128, 209, and 268 kPa for MAIS2+, respectively. The total ASIS force from the left and right ASIS load cells was a better injury predictor than the maximum ASIS load from the individual load cells, with injury risk values at 5%, 25%, and 50% probabilities being 542, 1872, and 3522 Newtons for MAIS2+, respectively.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-22-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T22:15:21Z","timestamp":1749507321000},"page":"82-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of Injury Risk Functions of THOR-AV 50th Percentile Male Dummy"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Z. Jerry","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanetics Innovative Solutions, Inc., USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanetics Innovative Solutions, Inc., USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Alber ,  D. ,  \n \n Guettler ,  A. ,  \n \n Kemper ,  A. ,  \n \n Hardy ,  W. \n Evaluation of Abdominal Injury Risk Prediction from Seatbelt Loading 2024 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings Stockholm, Sweden 2024"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Autonomous Vehicle Occupant Safety Consortium \n Investigation of the Biofidelity of Human Body Models and ATD Models in Sled Test Conditions The 27th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Yokohama, Japan 2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baudrit ,  P. ,  \n \n Uriot ,  J. ,  \n \n Richard ,  O. , and  \n \n Debray ,  M. \n Investigation of Potential Injury Patterns and Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Impact with PMHS in Reclined Postures Stapp Car Crash Journal 66 2022 1 30","DOI":"10.4271\/2022-22-0001"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Beillas ,  P. ,  \n \n Bermond ,  F. ,  \n \n Petit ,  P. ,  \n \n Trosseille ,  X.   \n et al. \n Pressure-Based Abdominal Injury Prediction for the THOR-50M 27th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Yokohama, Japan 2023"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Boyle   K. ,  \n \n Reed   M. ,  \n \n Zaseck   L. ,  \n \n Hu   J. \n A Human Modeling Study on Occupant Kinematics in Highly Reclined Seats during Frontal Crashes IRCOBI Conference Proceedings Florence, Italy 2019"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Craig ,  M. ,  \n \n Parent ,  D. ,  \n \n Lee ,  E. ,  \n \n Rudd ,  R.   \n et al. \n 2020"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Crandall ,  J. \n 2012"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Domenico ,  L.  and  \n \n Nusholtz ,  G. \n Risk Curve Boundaries Traffic Injury Prevention 6 1 2005 86 94 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389580590903212","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580590903212"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetropoulos   C.K. ,  \n \n Yang ,  K.H. ,  \n \n Grimm ,  M.J. ,  \n \n Khalil ,  T.B.   \n et al. \n Mechanical Properties of the Cadaveric and Hybrid III Lumbar Spines 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings Tempe, Arizona 1998","DOI":"10.4271\/983160"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetropoulos   C.K. ,  \n \n Yang ,  K.H. ,  \n \n Grimm ,  M.J. ,  \n \n Artham ,  K.K.   \n et al. \n High-Rate Mechanical Properties of Hybrid III and Cadaveric Lumbar Spines in Flexion and Extension 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings San Diego, CA 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/99SC18"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durbin ,  D.R.   \n et al. \n Seat-Belt Syndrome in Children: A Case Report of Iliac Crest Fracture Pediatric Emergency Care 17 6 2001 429 431","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200112000-00021"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppinger ,  R. ,  \n \n Marcus ,  J. , and  \n \n Morgan ,  R. \n Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA\u2019s Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program SAE Technical Paper  840885 1984 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/840885","DOI":"10.4271\/840885"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett ,  J.W.  and  \n \n Braunstein ,  P.W. \n The Seatbelt Syndrome: Iliac Crest Fractures Associated with Lap Belts Journal of Trauma 2 3 1962 220 227","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196205000-00002"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Gehre ,  C. ,  \n \n Gades ,  H. , and  \n \n Wernicke ,  P. \n Objective Rating of Signals Using Test and Simulation Responses 21st ESV Conference Proceedings Stuttgart, Germany 2009"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guettler ,  A.J. ,  \n \n Bianco ,  S.T. ,  \n \n Albert ,  D.L. ,  \n \n Boyle ,  D.M.   \n et al. \n Frontal-Crash Occupant Protection in the Rear Seat: Submarining and Abdomen\/Pelvis Response in Midsized Male Surrogates Stapp Car Crash Journal 2023","DOI":"10.4271\/2023-22-0005"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagedorn ,  A. ,  \n \n Stammen ,  J. ,  \n \n Ramachandra ,  R. ,  \n \n Rhule ,  H.   \n et al. \n Biofidelity Evaluation of THOR-50M in Rear-Facing Seating Configurations Using an Updated Biofidelity Ranking System SAE Int. 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