{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:30:49Z","timestamp":1773901849709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The development of drones has raised questions about their safety in case of\n high-speed impacts with the head. This has been recently studied with dummies,\n postmortem human surrogates and numerical models but questions are still open\n regarding the transfer of skull fracture tolerance and procedures from road\n safety to drone impacts.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This study aimed to assess the performance of an existing head FE model (GHBMC\n M50-O v6.0) in terms of response and fracture prediction using a wide range of\n impact conditions from the literature (low and high-speed, rigid and deformable\n impactors, drones). The fracture prediction capability was assessed using 156\n load cases, including 18 high speed tests and 19 tests for which subject\n specific models were built.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The GHBMC model was found to overpredict peak forces, especially for rigid\n impactors and fracture cases. However, the model captured the head accelerations\n tendencies for drone impacts. The formulation of bone elements, the failure\n representation and the scalp material properties were found of interest for\n future investigation. The model still predicted a sizable proportion of skull\n fractures. With failure enabled, it reached a sensitivity of 86.6% and a\n specificity of 82.0% (n=156). With failure disabled, risk curves with a rating\n of good according to ISO\/TS 18506:2014 were developed using the second principal\n strain in the outer table cortical solid elements.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-22-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:47:55Z","timestamp":1750164475000},"page":"114-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of the Skull Fracture Prediction Capability of Finite\n Element Head Models"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Gardegaront","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucille","family":"Allegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Beillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alem , N.M. , \n \n Nusholtz , G.S. , and \n \n Melvin , J.W. \n Head and Neck Response to Axial\n Impacts 28th Stapp Car Crash\n Conference 1984 841667 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/841667","DOI":"10.4271\/841667"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allsop , D.L. , \n \n Perl , T.R. , and \n \n Warner , C.Y. \n Force\/Deflection and Fracture Characteristics\n of the Temporo-parietal Region of the Human Head 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference 1991 912907 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/912907","DOI":"10.4271\/912907"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allsop , D.L. , \n \n Warner , 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VIVA+: A Human Body Model Lineup\n to Evaluate Sex-Differences in Crash Protection Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 2022 918904 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.918904","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.918904"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan , A. and \n \n Brown , L. \n Recreational Drone-Related Injuries in\n Children: A Review of National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS)\n Data Cureus 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.15390","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.15390"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindgren , N. , \n \n Henningsen , M.J. , \n \n Jacobsen , C. , \n \n Villa , C. \n \n et al. \n Prediction of Skull Fractures in Blunt Force\n Head Traumas Using Finite Element Head Models Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 23 1 2024 207 225 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-023-01768-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-023-01768-5"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu , D. , 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Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2025-22-0005\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:09:47Z","timestamp":1758632987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/assessment-skull-fracture-prediction-capability-finite-element-head-models-2025-22-0005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2025-22-0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-8546","2993-1940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-8546","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-1940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"article-number":"2025-22-0005"}}