{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:34:55Z","timestamp":1792467295224,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This study presents an analysis of 364 motorcycle helmet impact tests, including\n standard certified full-face, open-face, and half-helmets, as well as\n non-certified (novelty) helmet designs. Two advanced motorcycle helmet designs\n that incorporate technologies intended to mitigate the risk of rotational brain\n injuries (rTBI) were included in this study. Results were compared to 80\n unprotected tests using an instrumented 50th percentile Hybrid III head form and\n neck at impact speeds ranging from 6 to 18 m\/s (13 to 40 mph).<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Results show that, on average, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was reduced by 92\n percent across certified helmets, compared to the unhelmeted condition,\n indicating substantial protection against focal head and brain injuries.\n However, findings indicate that standard motorcycle helmets increase the risk of\n AIS 2 to 5 rotational brain injuries (rTBI) by an average of 30 percent compared\n to the unprotected condition, due to the increased rotational inertia generated\n by the added size and weight of the helmet. Advanced helmets performed, on\n average, about 5 percent better than standard certified helmets. Non-certified\n or novelty helmets offer inadequate protection against focal head and brain\n injuries, though they may offer some insight into rTBI protection.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The findings of this study also indicate a critical methodological deficiency in\n the oblique impact tests utilized in revised motorcycle helmet standards,\n including ECE 22.06, Snell M2025, and FRHPe-02, which fail to correctly assess\n rTBI risk. This paper provides recommendations for enhancing motorcycle helmet\n design to improve protection against rotational traumatic brain injuries.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-22-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T22:15:31Z","timestamp":1751321731000},"page":"162-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traumatic Head and Brain Injuries in Helmeted Motorcycle\n Crashes"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAINS, Inc., USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Hurt ,\n H.H. ,\n Ouellet ,\n J.V. , and\n Thom ,\n D.R. 1981 https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/6450"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"ACEM 2009 https:\/\/www.maids-study.eu\/pdf\/MAIDS2.pdf"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Chinn ,\n B. ,\n Canaple ,\n B. ,\n Derler ,\n S. ,\n Doyle ,\n D. \n et al. 2001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang ,\n L. ,\n Chang ,\n G. ,\n Huang ,\n J. ,\n Huang ,\n S. \n et al. 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A Study of Injury Criteria for Brain Injuries in Traffic\n Accidents 25th International Technical\n Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Detroit, MI 2017"}],"container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2025-22-0006\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T09:22:55Z","timestamp":1758619375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/traumatic-head-brain-injuries-helmeted-motorcycle-crashes-2025-22-0006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2025-22-0006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-8546","2993-1940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-8546","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-1940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"article-number":"2025-22-0006"}}