{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1782827024289,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Stapp Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">As automated vehicle technologies enable increased seat recline angles during\n travel, understanding the biomechanics of injury under these novel occupant\n postures becomes imperative. This study evaluated the pelvis injury response and\n associated kinematics of reclined small female post-mortem human surrogates\n (PMHS) subjected to frontal sled tests across three restraint configurations.\n Each configuration varied in seat stiffness and the presence of a knee bolster\n to assess their influence on pelvic dynamics and submarining risk. Nine PMHS\n tests were conducted using a consistent reclined posture (38\u00b0 thorax, 75\u201380\u00b0\n pelvis angle) and production restraint systems. Submarining probability was\n estimated using a validated logistic regression referenced from previous\n study.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Distinct pelvic kinematics, fracture patterns, and associated injury mechanisms\n emerged across the test configurations in the current dataset. Configuration 1,\n featuring a stiffer seat without a knee bolster, exhibited complex pelvic\n fractures\u2014most notably iliac wing fractures resulting from inward bending of the\n ilium\u2014and a higher probability of submarining primarily due to rearward pelvic\n rotation. In contrast, Configuration 2, with a compliant seat and no knee\n bolster, produced comminuted iliac wing fractures, dominated by shear component\n and a moderate probability of submarining driven primarily by downward pelvic\n displacement. Configuration 3, which included a knee bolster, showed injury\n propagation to the posterior pelvis, and none of the subjects submarined.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Each configuration included three specimens; therefore, results should be\n interpreted with caution. Despite the small sample size, the findings highlight\n the critical influence of seat stiffness and restraint design on pelvic\n kinematics and injury mechanisms under reclined conditions. The data provided\n could serve in validating computational models and anthropomorphic test devices\n (ATDs) in reclined seating configurations.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2026-22-0001","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:10:40Z","timestamp":1780013440000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PMHS Sled Testing of Reclined Small Female Occupants: Pelvic Dynamics\n and Injury Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.4271","author":[{"given":"Karthik","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Driesslein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams , M.Z. and \n \n Bass , C.R. \n Female vs. Male Relative Fatality Risk in Fatal\n Motor Vehicle Crashes in the US, 1975\u20132020 PLoS\n One 19 2024 e0297211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297211"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson , P.A. , \n \n Henley , M.B. , \n \n Rivara , F.P. , and \n \n Maier , R.V. \n Flexion Distraction and Chance Injuries to the\n Thoracolumbar Spine J. 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Eng. 2025b","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03830-y"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trosseille , X. , \n \n Petit , P. , \n \n Uriot , J. , \n \n Potier , P. \n \n et al. \n Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess Submarining\n of the Small Female SAE Technical Paper 2018-22-0003 2018 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2018-22-0003","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-22-0003"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uriot , J. , \n \n Potier , P. , \n \n Baudrit , P. , \n \n Trosseille , X. \n \n et al. \n Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess\n Submarining SAE Technical Paper 2015-22-0008 2015 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2015-22-0008","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-22-0008"}],"event":{"name":"70th Stapp Car Crash Conference","location":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States","acronym":"STAPP","number":"385647","start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]]}},"container-title":["70th Stapp Car Crash Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2026-22-0001\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:45:50Z","timestamp":1782823550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/pmhs-sled-testing-reclined-small-female-occupants-pelvic-dynamics-injury-evaluation-2026-22-0001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2026-22-0001","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"article-number":"2026-22-0001"}}