{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:27:30Z","timestamp":1792844850730,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stapp Car Crash Journal."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\">\n <div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Thoracic injuries are common for belted occupants in frontal motor vehicle\n crashes. However, there remains a lack of female post-mortem human subject\n (PMHS) data in the literature to generate female-specific biomechanical response\n corridors and evaluate engineering tools such as anthropomorphic test devices\n (ATDs) and computational human body models (HBMs). Additionally, the effect of\n breast tissue on thoracic response has not been directly investigated despite\n female ATDs and HBMs having features representing breasts. As such, this study\n sought to utilize simplified frontal hub impacts to (1) generate female PMHS\n thoracic response corridors both with breasts positioned with a bra and without\n breasts (no bra) and (2) preliminarily explore the influence of breasts on the\n thoracic responses of female PMHS. Twelve female PMHS (9 small and 3 midsize)\n were subjected to frontal impacts at mid-sternum with a 14.0 kg circular\n impactor at 4.3 m\/s in conditions with and without breasts. Force versus\n deflection (FD) response corridors were generated, and comparisons were made\n between groups and to scaled FD corridors representing female response. Overall,\n female PMHS with and without breasts displayed differences in FD response\n compared to scaled corridors in terms of the shape of the initial response and\n peak force and deflection. Additionally, female PMHS with breasts produced lower\n peak force and greater peak deflection compared to those without breasts. These\n results suggest the importance of collection and evaluation of female\n biomechanical data that can be used for continued evaluation of female-specific\n safety tools as well as the further reduction of injury risk for all occupants\n during motor vehicle crashes.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2026-22-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:21Z","timestamp":1782432021000},"page":"100-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Female PMHS Thoracic Biomechanical Response Corridors with\n Preliminary Consideration of the Influence of Breast Tissue in Frontal\n Impacts"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Gretchen H.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Marcallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State Universi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Rese"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Moorhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Rese"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Agnew , A.M. , \n \n Baker , G.H. , \n \n Marcallini , A. \n Jr. , \n \n Bendig , A. \n \n et al. \n Small Female Post-mortem Human Subject (PMHS)\n Thoracic Responses to Simplified Oblique and Lateral Loading\n (IRC-24-40) Proceedings IRCOBI\n Conference Stockholm, Sweden 2024 274 291"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew , A.M. , \n \n Murach , M.M. , \n \n Dominguez , V.M. , \n \n Sreedhar , A. \n \n et al. \n Sources of Variability in Structural Bending\n Response of Pediatric and Adult Human Ribs in Dynamic Frontal\n Impacts Stapp Car Crash Journal 62 2018 119 192","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-22-0004"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine \n Abbreviated Injury Scale: 2015 Revision 6th 2018"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolte , J. , \n \n Fibbi , C. , \n \n Tesny , A.C. , \n \n Kang , Y.S. \n \n et al. \n Analysis of Injury Mechanism and Thoracic\n Response of Elderly, Small Female PMHS in Near-Side Impact\n Scenarios Traffic Injury Prevention 24 S1 2023 S23 S31","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2022.2160198"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose , D. , \n \n Segui-Gomez , M. , and \n \n Crandall ,\n J.R. \n Vulnerability of Female Drivers Involved in\n Motor Vehicle Crashes: An Analysis of US Population at\n Risk American Journal of Public Health 101 12 2011 2368 2373","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300275"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Bouquet , R. , \n \n Ramet , M. , \n \n Bermond , F. , and \n \n Cesari \n D. \n Thoracic and pelvis human response to impact\n (94-S1-O-03) Proceedings 4th International\n Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Munich, Germany 1994 100 109"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumbelow , M.L. and \n \n Jermakian ,\n J.S. \n Injury Risks and Crashworthiness Benefits for\n Females and Males: Which Differences Are Physiological? 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