{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T21:04:08Z","timestamp":1761253448847,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SAE Int. J. Aerosp."],"abstract":"<div>Previous works have established strategies to model artificial test lightning plasma with specific waveform parameters and use the predicted plasma behavior to estimate test specimen damage. To date no computational works have quantified the influence of varying the waveform parameters on the predicted plasma behavior and resulting specimen damage. Herein test standard Waveform B has been modelled and the waveform parameters of \u201cwaveform peak,\u201d \u201crise time,\u201d and \u201ctime to reach the post-peak value\u201d have been varied. The plasma and specimen behaviors have been modelled using the Finite Element (FE) method (a Magnetohydrodynamic FE multiphysics model for the plasma, a FE thermal-electric model for the specimen). For the test arrangements modelled herein, it has been found that \u201cpeak current\u201d is the key parameter influencing plasma properties and specimen damage. A 10% increase in peak current magnitude (and resulting 21% increase in action integral) results in a 12% increase in plasma peak pressure, a 5% increase in specimen surface current density, and subsequently a 8.7% increase in thermal damage volume and a 15.2% increase in thermal damage depth. Overall action integral has the strongest correlation with four of the five considered damage measures. Peak current has the strongest correlation with the other damage measure.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/01-13-01-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T05:01:23Z","timestamp":1583989283000},"page":"25-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding the Impact of Standardized SAE Waveform Parameter Variation on Artificial Lightning Plasma, Specimen Loading, and Composite Material Damage"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Millen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Gasser","family":"Abdelal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Catalanotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirano , Y. , \n Katsumata , S. , \n Iwahori , Y. , and \n Todoroki , A. \n \n Artificial Lightning Testing on Graphite\/Epoxy Composite Laminate Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 41 10 1461 1470 2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.06.008"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliezer , S. and \n Eliezer , Y. \n \n The Fourth State of Matter - An Introduction to Plasma Science 2nd Bristol Institute of Physics Publishing 2001","DOI":"10.1201\/NOE0750307406"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice \n 1999"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feraboli , P. and \n Kawakami , H. \n \n Damage of Carbon\/Epoxy Composite Plates Subjected to Mechanical Impact and Simulated Lightning Journal of Aircraft 47 3 999 1012 2010","DOI":"10.2514\/1.46486"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun , J. , \n Yao , X. , \n Tian , X. \n et al. \n Damage Characteristics of CFRP Laminates Subjected to Multiple Lightning Current Strike Appl Compos Mater 26 745 762 2019 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10443-018-9747-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-018-9747-4"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Kawakami , H. \n \n 2011"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moupfouma , F. \n \n Aircraft Structure Paint Thickness and Lightning Swept Stroke Damages SAE Int. 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